Week 2: Parental Meds & Diabetes Management Flashcards
(376 cards)
1
Q
Definition
An injection route where medications are administered directly into an artery.
A
Define
Intra-arterial
2
Q
Definition
The measurement of the thickness of a needle, with a higher gauge indicating a thinner needle.
A
Define
Gauge
3
Q
Definition
Common locations for subcutaneous injections: the outer aspect of the upper arm, abdomen (at least 5 cm away from the belly button), and the anterior aspect of the thigh.
A
Define
Injection Sites: Outer Arm, Abdomen, Anterior Thighs
4
Q
Define
Intradermal Injections
A
Injections administered just under the skin’s surface, often used for allergy tests and tuberculosis screening.
5
Q
Definition
A condition where the body does not produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels, common in Type 1 diabetes.
A
Define
Insulin Deficiency
6
Q
Define
Vaccines
A
Biological preparations administered to stimulate the immune system and provide immunity against specific diseases.
7
Q
Define
Calluses
A
Thickened skin areas that can develop on the feet due to pressure or friction, which can be problematic in individuals with diabetes.
8
Q
Definition
A condition characterized by an imbalance of fluids in the body, leading to excessive thirst and the production of large volumes of dilute urine. This disorder is caused by a deficiency in the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or a failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH. It does not involve blood glucose levels but rather affects the regulation of water balance.
A
Diabetes Insipidus
9
Q
Definition
A condition where the body’s cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels, often seen in Type 2 diabetes.
A
Define
Insulin Resistance
10
Q
Define
Riskman
A
A system or form used for reporting and managing risks and incidents in healthcare settings.
11
Q
Definition
Injections administered into the fatty layer of tissue just beneath the skin, used for medications requiring slow and steady absorption.
A
Define
Subcutaneous Injections
12
Q
Define
Anatomical Sites
A
Specific locations on the body used for administering injections, such as the upper arm, thigh, abdomen, and buttock.
13
Q
Define
Peripheral Pulses
A
The pulses found in the extremities, which should be assessed in diabetes patients to monitor circulation and detect potential issues.
14
Q
Define
Polydipsia
A
Excessive thirst, commonly associated with high blood glucose levels that lead to increased urine output and dehydration.
15
Q
Definition
A device used to hold and administer medication via a needle.
A
Define
Syringe
16
Q
Definition
Procedures used to maintain sterility and prevent contamination during medication administration.
A
Define
Aseptic Techniques
17
Q
Definition
The part of the syringe that is pushed to expel medication from the barrel.
A
Define
Plunger
18
Q
Definition
Nerve damage that affects the limbs, causing symptoms such as pain, numbness, and tingling, commonly seen in diabetes.
A
Define
Peripheral Neuropathy
19
Q
Definition
The pulses found in the extremities, which should be assessed in diabetes patients to monitor circulation and detect potential issues.
A
Define
Peripheral Pulses
20
Q
Definition
An injection route where medications are administered into the spinal canal.
A
Define
Intraspinal
21
Q
Definition
A test used to assess the sensation in the feet of diabetic patients, helping to identify peripheral neuropathy.
A
Monofilament Test
22
Q
Definition
The angle at which the needle is inserted into the skin or muscle, affecting the effectiveness and comfort of the injection.
A
Define
Angle of Insertion
23
Q
Define
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
A
A diagnostic test where blood glucose levels are measured after fasting and then after consuming a glucose solution, to assess how well the body processes glucose.
24
Q
Define
Diabetes Insipidus
A
A condition characterized by an imbalance of fluids in the body, leading to excessive thirst and the production of large volumes of dilute urine. This disorder is caused by a deficiency in the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or a failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH. It does not involve blood glucose levels but rather affects the regulation of water balance.
25
# Define
Intramuscular (IM)
An injection route where medications are administered into the muscle tissue.
26
# Definition
High blood pressure, which is often associated with diabetes and can increase the risk of cardiovascular complications.
# Define
Hypertension
27
# Define
Insulin Resistance
A condition where the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels, often seen in Type 2 diabetes.
28
# Define
Ventrogluteal Muscle
The muscle in the hip used for intramuscular injections, preferred for larger volumes and viscous medications.
29
# Definition
A skin condition characterized by dark, velvety patches, often seen in areas such as the neck and armpits, associated with insulin resistance.
# Define
Acanthosis Nigricans
30
# Define
Hypertension
High blood pressure, which is often associated with diabetes and can increase the risk of cardiovascular complications.
31
# Define
Inflammatory Responses
Body's response to injury or infection, which can contribute to insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes.
32
# Define
Intra-arterial
An injection route where medications are administered directly into an artery.
33
# Define
Diabetic Neuropathy
A type of nerve damage caused by diabetes that can lead to symptoms such as pain, numbness, and tingling in the extremities.
34
# Define
Deltoid Muscle
The muscle in the upper arm used for intramuscular injections, commonly for vaccines.
35
# Define
Sharps Management
Protocols for handling and disposing of sharp objects like needles to prevent injuries and transmission of infections.
36
# Define
Microalbuminuria
The presence of a small amount of albumin in the urine, which can be an early sign of kidney damage in diabetes.
37
# Definition
A hollow, slender instrument used to draw up and inject medications.
# Define
Needle
38
# Define
Beta Cell Dysfunction
A condition where the beta cells in the pancreas do not function properly, leading to impaired insulin production and glucose control.
39
# Definition
Body's response to injury or infection, which can contribute to insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes.
# Define
Inflammatory Responses
40
# Definition
An anticoagulant medication administered subcutaneously to prevent blood clots.
# Define
Heparin
41
# Definition
A condition of excessive insulin in the blood, often associated with insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes.
# Define
Hyperinsulinemia
42
# Define
Gauge
The measurement of the thickness of a needle, with a higher gauge indicating a thinner needle.
43
# Define
Site Rotation
The practice of varying injection sites to prevent tissue damage and discomfort.
44
# Define
Needle
A hollow, slender instrument used to draw up and inject medications.
45
# Definition
The presence of a small amount of albumin in the urine, which can be an early sign of kidney damage in diabetes.
# Define
Microalbuminuria
46
# Definition
A form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, often associated with obesity and lifestyle factors.
# Define
Type 2 Diabetes
47
# Definition
A low molecular weight heparin used for anticoagulation, usually given subcutaneously.
# Define
Enoxaparin
48
# Definition
The angle used for intradermal injections, typically between 10 and 15 degrees to ensure the medication is placed just below the skin surface.
# Define
10 to 15 Degrees (Intradermal)
49
# Definition
A diabetes-related eye disease that damages the blood vessels of the retina, potentially leading to vision loss.
# Define
Diabetic Retinopathy
50
# Define
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
A blood test that measures blood glucose levels after fasting for at least 8 hours, used to diagnose diabetes and prediabetes.
51
# Define
Sharps Container
A specialized container used for the safe disposal of needles and other sharp objects.
52
# Definition
The practice of varying injection sites to prevent tissue damage and discomfort.
# Define
Site Rotation
53
# Define
Single-Dose Ampules
Vials containing a single dose of medication, typically used for injections.
54
# Define
Gestational Diabetes
A form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and usually resolves after delivery, but increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later.
55
# Define
Insulin
A hormone administered subcutaneously to regulate blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes.
56
# Define
Intravenous (IV)
An injection route where medications are administered directly into the bloodstream through a vein.
57
# Define
Pancreatic Beta Cells
Cells in the pancreas that produce and secrete insulin, essential for regulating blood glucose levels.
58
# Definition
A form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and usually resolves after delivery, but increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later.
# Define
Gestational Diabetes
59
# Definition
An injection route where medications are administered into the peritoneal cavity.
# Define
Intraperitoneal
60
# Definition
Excessive hunger, often experienced by individuals with uncontrolled diabetes due to the body's inability to use glucose effectively.
# Define
Polyphagia
61
# Define
Rubber-Capped Vials
Medication containers sealed with a rubber stopper, used for multiple doses.
62
# Definition
The delivery of medications by routes other than oral, including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous methods.
# Define
Parenteral Medication Administration
63
# Define
Diabetic Foot
Foot complications that can arise from diabetes, including infections, ulcers, and poor wound healing.
64
# Define
Peripheral Neuropathy
Nerve damage that affects the limbs, causing symptoms such as pain, numbness, and tingling, commonly seen in diabetes.
65
# Definition
A document used to report and document incidents, including medication errors, for review and resolution.
# Define
Incident Report Form
66
# Define
Polyphagia
Excessive hunger, often experienced by individuals with uncontrolled diabetes due to the body's inability to use glucose effectively.
67
# Define
45 to 90 Degrees (Subcutaneous)
The range of angles used for subcutaneous injections, depending on the thickness of the skin and tissue.
68
# Definition
The cylindrical part of the syringe that holds the medication.
# Define
Barrel
69
# Define
Parenteral Medication Administration
The delivery of medications by routes other than oral, including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous methods.
70
# Define
Intracardiac
An injection route where medications are administered directly into the heart.
71
# Define
Type 1 Diabetes
A form of diabetes where the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to little or no insulin production.
72
# Definition
The muscle in the thigh used for intramuscular injections, especially in infants and children.
# Define
Vastus Lateralis Muscle
73
# Define
Autoimmune Condition
A disease where the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues, such as the beta cells in Type 1 diabetes.
74
# Definition
The thickness or diameter of a needle, affecting its ability to administer medications and the comfort of the injection.
# Define
Needle Gauge
75
# Define
Intraspinal
An injection route where medications are administered into the spinal canal.
76
# Definition
Foot complications that can arise from diabetes, including infections, ulcers, and poor wound healing.
# Define
Diabetic Foot
77
# Definition
Specific locations on the body used for administering injections, such as the upper arm, thigh, abdomen, and buttock.
# Define
Anatomical Sites
78
# Definition
A hormone administered subcutaneously to regulate blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes.
# Define
Insulin
79
# Definition
A form of diabetes where the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to little or no insulin production.
# Define
Type 1 Diabetes
80
# Define
Hyperglycemia
A condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, which can lead to symptoms such as excessive thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue.
81
# Define
Subcutaneous Injections
Injections administered into the fatty layer of tissue just beneath the skin, used for medications requiring slow and steady absorption.
82
# Definition
Cells in the pancreas that produce and secrete insulin, essential for regulating blood glucose levels.
# Define
Pancreatic Beta Cells
83
# Define
Insulin-Producing Cells
Cells in the pancreas, specifically beta cells, that produce insulin to regulate blood glucose levels.
84
# Definition
Cells in the pancreas, specifically beta cells, that produce insulin to regulate blood glucose levels.
# Define
Insulin-Producing Cells
85
# Define
Autoantibodies
Antibodies that attack the body’s own cells, such as insulin-producing cells in Type 1 diabetes, leading to autoimmune destruction.
86
# Definition
A system or form used for reporting and managing risks and incidents in healthcare settings.
# Define
Riskman
87
# Definition
The layer of fat just beneath the skin where subcutaneous injections are administered.
# Define
Fatty Layer
88
# Definition
Antibodies that attack the body’s own cells, such as insulin-producing cells in Type 1 diabetes, leading to autoimmune destruction.
# Define
Autoantibodies
89
# Definition
The muscle in the upper arm used for intramuscular injections, commonly for vaccines.
# Define
Deltoid Muscle
90
# Define
Heparin
An anticoagulant medication administered subcutaneously to prevent blood clots.
91
# Definition
A disease where the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues, such as the beta cells in Type 1 diabetes.
# Define
Autoimmune Condition
92
# Define
Hypoglycemia
A condition where blood glucose levels are lower than normal, which can cause symptoms such as shaking, sweating, and confusion.
93
# Definition
A diagnostic test where blood glucose levels are measured after fasting and then after consuming a glucose solution, to assess how well the body processes glucose.
# Define
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
94
# Definition
A condition where the beta cells in the pancreas do not function properly, leading to impaired insulin production and glucose control.
# Define
Beta Cell Dysfunction
95
# Define
Syringe
A device used to hold and administer medication via a needle.
96
# Definition
A blood test that reflects the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months, used to monitor long-term glucose control.
# Define
Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)
97
# Definition
Unintended and potentially harmful effects resulting from medication administration.
# Define
Adverse Effects
98
# Definition
Medication containers sealed with a rubber stopper, used for multiple doses.
# Define
Rubber-Capped Vials
99
# Define
Fatty Layer
The layer of fat just beneath the skin where subcutaneous injections are administered.
100
# Definition
A sign of dehydration, where the skin lacks elasticity and does not return to its normal position after being pinched.
# Define
Poor Skin Turgor
101
# Define
Incident Report Form
A document used to report and document incidents, including medication errors, for review and resolution.
102
# Definition
The use of insulin injections or an insulin pump to manage blood glucose levels in individuals with Type 1 or advanced Type 2 diabetes.
# Define
Insulin Therapy
103
# Define
Diabetic Retinopathy
A diabetes-related eye disease that damages the blood vessels of the retina, potentially leading to vision loss.
104
# Define
Aseptic Techniques
Procedures used to maintain sterility and prevent contamination during medication administration.
105
# Definition
Excessive thirst, commonly associated with high blood glucose levels that lead to increased urine output and dehydration.
# Define
Polydipsia
106
# Define
Angle of Insertion
The angle at which the needle is inserted into the skin or muscle, affecting the effectiveness and comfort of the injection.
107
# Definition
A condition where blood glucose levels are lower than normal, which can cause symptoms such as shaking, sweating, and confusion.
# Define
Hypoglycemia
108
# Definition
An injection route where medications are administered directly into the bone marrow.
# Define
Intraosseous
109
# Define
Subcutaneous (Subcut)
An injection route where medications are administered into the layer of fat just beneath the skin.
110
# Definition
A condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, which can lead to symptoms such as excessive thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue.
# Define
Hyperglycemia
111
# Define
Hyperinsulinemia
A condition of excessive insulin in the blood, often associated with insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes.
112
# Definition
A specialized container used for the safe disposal of needles and other sharp objects.
# Define
Sharps Container
113
# Define
Insulin Therapy
The use of insulin injections or an insulin pump to manage blood glucose levels in individuals with Type 1 or advanced Type 2 diabetes.
114
# Define
Vastus Lateralis Muscle
The muscle in the thigh used for intramuscular injections, especially in infants and children.
115
# Definition
A blood test that measures blood glucose levels after fasting for at least 8 hours, used to diagnose diabetes and prediabetes.
# Define
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
116
# Define
Intraperitoneal
An injection route where medications are administered into the peritoneal cavity.
117
# Define
Plunger
The part of the syringe that is pushed to expel medication from the barrel.
118
# Define
Acanthosis Nigricans
A skin condition characterized by dark, velvety patches, often seen in areas such as the neck and armpits, associated with insulin resistance.
119
# Define
Polyuria
Excessive urination, often caused by high blood glucose levels leading to an osmotic effect on the kidneys.
120
# Definition
A type of nerve damage caused by diabetes that can lead to symptoms such as pain, numbness, and tingling in the extremities.
# Define
Diabetic Neuropathy
121
# Definition
The range of angles used for subcutaneous injections, depending on the thickness of the skin and tissue.
# Define
45 to 90 Degrees (Subcutaneous)
122
# Definition
The muscle in the hip used for intramuscular injections, preferred for larger volumes and viscous medications.
# Define
Ventrogluteal Muscle
123
# Define
Intramuscular Injections
Injections delivered into the muscle tissue, allowing for faster absorption due to the vascularity of the muscle.
124
# Definition
An injection route where medications are administered into the muscle tissue.
# Define
Intramuscular (IM)
125
# Definition
Biological preparations administered to stimulate the immune system and provide immunity against specific diseases.
# Define
Vaccines
126
# Define
Poor Skin Turgor
A sign of dehydration, where the skin lacks elasticity and does not return to its normal position after being pinched.
127
# Definition
Injections administered just under the skin's surface, often used for allergy tests and tuberculosis screening.
# Define
Intradermal Injections
128
# Definition
An injection route where medications are administered into the layer of fat just beneath the skin.
# Define
Subcutaneous (Subcut)
129
# Define
Insulin Deficiency
A condition where the body does not produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels, common in Type 1 diabetes.
130
# Define
Injection Sites: Outer Arm, Abdomen, Anterior Thighs
Common locations for subcutaneous injections: the outer aspect of the upper arm, abdomen (at least 5 cm away from the belly button), and the anterior aspect of the thigh.
131
# Define
Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)
A blood test that reflects the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months, used to monitor long-term glucose control.
132
# Definition
An injection route where medications are administered directly into the bloodstream through a vein.
# Define
Intravenous (IV)
133
# Definition
Thickened skin areas that can develop on the feet due to pressure or friction, which can be problematic in individuals with diabetes.
# Define
Calluses
134
# Define
Barrel
The cylindrical part of the syringe that holds the medication.
135
# Define
Intraosseous
An injection route where medications are administered directly into the bone marrow.
136
# Define
Needle Gauge
The thickness or diameter of a needle, affecting its ability to administer medications and the comfort of the injection.
137
# Definition
Vials containing a single dose of medication, typically used for injections.
# Define
Single-Dose Ampules
138
# Definition
Protocols for handling and disposing of sharp objects like needles to prevent injuries and transmission of infections.
# Define
Sharps Management
139
# Define
Adverse Effects
Unintended and potentially harmful effects resulting from medication administration.
140
# Define
Enoxaparin
A low molecular weight heparin used for anticoagulation, usually given subcutaneously.
141
# Definition
An injection route where medications are administered directly into the heart.
# Define
Intracardiac
142
# Definition
Excessive urination, often caused by high blood glucose levels leading to an osmotic effect on the kidneys.
# Define
Polyuria
143
# Define
Type 2 Diabetes
A form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, often associated with obesity and lifestyle factors.
144
# Define
10 to 15 Degrees (Intradermal)
The angle used for intradermal injections, typically between 10 and 15 degrees to ensure the medication is placed just below the skin surface.
145
# Definition
Injections delivered into the muscle tissue, allowing for faster absorption due to the vascularity of the muscle.
# Define
Intramuscular Injections
146
# Define
Monofilament Test
A test used to assess the sensation in the feet of diabetic patients, helping to identify peripheral neuropathy.
147
What is the primary purpose of administering medications subcutaneously?
To achieve slow, controlled absorption of the medication.
148
Name three common sites for subcutaneous injections.
Outer aspects of the upper arm, abdomen, and anterior thighs.
149
What types of medications are typically administered via the subcutaneous route?
Insulin, heparin, enoxaparin, and many vaccines.
150
Why is the intramuscular route preferred for certain medications over the subcutaneous route?
Because it allows for faster absorption due to the increased vascularity of the muscle tissue.
151
List the three common sites for intramuscular injections.
Deltoid muscle, vastus lateralis muscle, and ventrogluteal muscle.
152
What are some examples of medications administered intramuscularly?
Certain antibiotics, hormones, and vaccines.
153
How does the absorption rate of medications administered intramuscularly compare to those administered subcutaneously?
Medications administered intramuscularly are absorbed faster due to increased vascularity in muscle tissue.
154
What factors must be considered to ensure proper administration of both subcutaneous and intramuscular injections?
Correct needle length and gauge, proper injection site selection, and appropriate technique to minimize discomfort and avoid complications.
155
Why is it important to follow proper technique during parenteral medication administration?
To ensure medication effectiveness, patient safety, minimize discomfort, and avoid potential complications.
156
When is the subcutaneous route typically preferred for medication administration?
When a slower, sustained effect is desired, as seen with medications like insulin and heparin.
157
What does "vascularity" refer to in the context of intramuscular injections?
The density of blood vessels in the muscle tissue, which affects the rate of medication absorption.
158
What are some complications that can arise from improper injection techniques?
Discomfort, injury to nerves or blood vessels, infection, and ineffective medication delivery.
159
Describe the main difference between subcutaneous and intramuscular routes in terms of absorption.
Subcutaneous injections result in slower absorption due to less vascular tissue, while intramuscular injections lead to faster absorption due to increased vascularity.
160
What is a key benefit of using the intramuscular route for medications that are irritating?
It allows for the medication to be administered deeper into the muscle, reducing irritation at the injection site.
161
How should you prepare the patient for an injection to ensure safety and comfort?
Inform the patient about the procedure, position them correctly, and choose an appropriate site for the injection.
162
What equipment is essential for administering subcutaneous injections?
A syringe and needle, alcohol swabs, gloves, and a sharps container.
163
What is the purpose of using alcohol swabs in the preparation for injections?
To maintain aseptic techniques by disinfecting the injection site.
164
Why are gloves used during injection procedures?
To maintain hygiene and prevent contamination.
165
What is the function of a sharps container?
To safely dispose of used needles and other sharp objects.
166
How does the needle length and gauge differ between subcutaneous and intramuscular injections?
Subcutaneous injections use shorter needles with smaller gauges, while intramuscular injections use longer needles with larger gauges.
167
What are the key components of a syringe?
The plunger (top part), barrel (middle part), and needle (attached to the end of the barrel).
168
What does the gauge number of a needle indicate?
The diameter of the needle; a smaller gauge number indicates a larger diameter.
169
What is a drawing-up needle used for?
To draw medication from a vial; it is not used for the actual injection.
170
What needle sizes are typically used for intradermal injections?
25 to 26 gauge.
171
What needle sizes are commonly used for subcutaneous injections?
25 to 27 gauge.
172
What needle sizes are commonly used for intramuscular injections?
21 to 23 gauge.
173
What is the typical color of an insulin syringe tip?
Orange
174
Name some types of syringes used for subcutaneous or intramuscular injections.
Luer lock and slip tip syringes.
175
What are the typical syringe sizes for medication administration?
From 1 mL to 60 mL.
176
Why is it important to select the correct needle size and type for an injection?
To ensure proper medication delivery, minimize discomfort, and reduce the risk of complications.
177
What should you always check before using a needle?
The packaging to confirm the gauge and size, as well as the needle’s sterility.
178
Why is proper preparation and technique crucial in medication administration?
To ensure patient safety, effective medication delivery, and minimize discomfort.
179
What is the first step in preparing subcutaneous or intramuscular medications?
Hand hygiene: Wash your hands thoroughly.
180
What equipment should you gather for administering subcutaneous or intramuscular medications?
The appropriate syringe, needle, alcohol wipes, and a sharps disposal container.
181
What should you verify about the medication before administration?
Check the medication's name, dosage, and expiration date. Cross-check with the doctor's order and the patient's medical record.
182
How should you prepare the medication if it is in a vial?
Clean the top of the vial with an alcohol wipe, draw up the prescribed amount of medication into the syringe, check for air bubbles, tap the syringe to move bubbles to the top and expel them, and double-check the medication and dosage.
183
What is the next step after preparing the medication?
Select the right injection site.
184
What should you do to the patient before administering the medication?
Inform the patient about the procedure and position them correctly.
185
What is the procedure for administering the medication?
Administer the medication using the correct technique.
186
How should you dispose of the used needle and syringe?
Safely dispose of them in the sharps container.
187
What should you do after administering the medication?
Document the administration in the patient's medical record.
188
What does aseptic technique involve during preparation and administration?
Maintaining sterility throughout the procedure.
189
What types of containers might medications come in for injection?
Single-dose glass ampules, single-dose rubber-capped vials, multi-dose rubber-capped vials, or pre-filled cartridges.
190
What are some of the specific steps for preparing medications for injection?
Use aseptic technique, select the correct equipment, understand the therapeutic interaction, and manage sharps carefully.
191
What is the primary characteristic of intradermal injections?
They are injected into the dermal layer of the skin at a 10 to 15-degree angle and are commonly used for diagnostic procedures.
191
What are the key aspects of post-procedure care?
Perform hand hygiene, dispose of equipment properly, document the procedure, and reassess the patient.
192
What are the different routes of administration for parenteral medications?
Subcutaneous (Subcut), Intramuscular (IM), Intradermal, Intravenous (IV), Intra-arterial, Intracardiac, Intraperitoneal, Intraspinal, and Intraosseous.
193
What is the purpose of using a drawing-up needle?
To draw medication from a vial; it is not used for the actual injection.
194
What are common sites for intramuscular injections?
The deltoid, vastus lateralis, and ventrogluteal muscles.
195
How do you ensure patient privacy during the injection procedure?
Ensure the patient is covered appropriately and that their privacy is maintained throughout the procedure.
196
What should you do if you find air bubbles in the syringe?
Tap the syringe lightly to move the bubbles to the top and press the plunger slightly to expel them.
197
What is the main purpose of administering subcutaneous injections?
To provide slow and steady absorption of medication.
198
What are the common sites for subcutaneous injections?
The outer aspect of the upper arm
The anterior aspect of the thigh
The abdomen (at least five centimeters away from the belly button)
The upper outer quadrant of the buttock
199
What is the maximum volume that can be administered in one site for intramuscular injections?
5 mL
200
Why is it important to select the appropriate site for intramuscular injections?
To avoid large nerves, bones, and blood vessels and to prevent complications such as abscesses, necrosis, and nerve injuries.
201
What is the typical angle for administering intramuscular injections?
90 degrees
202
What angle is often used for subcutaneous injections?
45 to 90 degrees, depending on the thickness of the skin and underlying tissue.
203
At what angle should intradermal injections be administered?
10 to 15 degrees
204
What are the common sites for intramuscular injections?
Deltoid muscle (upper arm)
Vastus lateralis muscle (thigh)
Ventrogluteal muscle (hip)
205
Which IM site is preferred for larger volumes and viscous medications?
The ventrogluteal muscle.
206
What IM site is often used for infants and children, and for larger volumes in adults?
The vastus lateralis muscle.
207
What IM site is commonly used for vaccines and small volumes of medication?
The deltoid muscle.
208
Why is it important to rotate injection sites for patients receiving frequent or long-term injections?
To prevent tissue damage and enhance comfort.
209
What are some potential complications of intramuscular injections?
Abscesses, necrosis, skin sloughing, nerve injuries, lingering pain, and periostitis.
210
What should you do to minimize discomfort and potential complications when administering injections?
Select the appropriate site, use proper technique, and rotate sites as necessary.
211
Why is adhering to sharps management protocols important?
To prevent the transmission of serious infections such as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C.
212
What should you do immediately after using a sharp instrument?
Dispose of it in the appropriate sharps container.
213
Why should needles never be recapped?
Recapping increases the risk of needle stick injuries.
214
Do gloves protect against needle stick injuries?
No, gloves do not protect against needle stick injuries.
215
What is the most dangerous route of medication administration and why?
Intravenous (IV) medication administration is the most dangerous because the drug is placed directly into the bloodstream, making it impossible to recall or slow its effects.
216
What types of medications are often administered intravenously?
Emergency medications, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), antibiotics, and total parenteral nutrition (TPN).
217
What must be accurately recorded on a medication chart or record?
The name of the medication, dosage, route of administration, time given, and the full signature or initials of the administering nurse or midwife.
218
What should be documented if a medication is intentionally omitted?
The reason for the omission.
219
What must be done if a drug is refused?
Document and report the refusal.
220
What are some examples of medication errors?
Inappropriate prescribing of drugs
Extra, omitted, or incorrect doses
Administration to the wrong patient
Administration by the wrong route or at the wrong rate
Failure to give medication within the prescribed time
Incorrect preparation of the drug
Improper technique when administering the drug
Giving an expired drug
221
What should you do immediately after administering medication?
Check the patient's condition and observe for any adverse effects.
222
What steps should be taken if a medication error occurs?
Notify the nurse manager or physician
Write a description of the error and remedial steps in the medical report
Complete an incident report form, such as Riskman
223
What is the purpose of the Riskman report?
To document and report medication errors and incidents.
224
Define Type 1 Diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the immune system destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, resulting in little or no insulin production.
225
What are common risk factors for Type 1 Diabetes?
Family history of diabetes, certain genetic factors, damaging immune system cells, and environmental or viral factors.
226
Describe the onset and common age of Type 1 Diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes usually develops early in life, often in childhood or adolescence, but can occur at any age.
227
Define Type 2 Diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and/or insufficient insulin production, making it the most common type of diabetes.
228
What are common risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes?
Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, aging, family history of diabetes, history of gestational diabetes, and certain ethnicities.
229
Describe the onset and common age of Type 2 Diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes usually develops later in life, though it can occur at any age.
230
What is Gestational Diabetes?
Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy due to placental hormones causing insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood glucose levels.
231
How does Gestational Diabetes resolve and what is a long-term risk?
Gestational diabetes usually resolves after childbirth, but women with this condition have a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later.
232
What are common risk factors for Gestational Diabetes?
Family history of diabetes, overweight or obesity, age over 30, history of gestational diabetes in previous pregnancies, having a baby weighing more than 9 lbs, and certain ethnicities.
233
What is the pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction, leading to hyperglycemia.
234
Describe Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes.
Body's cells become less responsive to insulin, leading to ineffective glucose transport into cells. The pancreas compensates by producing more insulin, resulting in hyperinsulinemia.
235
Describe Beta Cell Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes.
The increased demand for insulin strains beta cells in the pancreas. Initially, beta cells produce more insulin, but over time their function deteriorates, leading to insulin deficiency.
236
List some contributing factors to Type 2 Diabetes.
Genetic predisposition, obesity (especially abdominal or visceral obesity), sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, aging, inflammatory responses, and hormonal changes.
237
How can Type 2 Diabetes be managed and prevented?
Through lifestyle modifications such as a healthy diet, regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, and medication or insulin therapy as needed. Regular monitoring and healthcare consultations are also crucial.
238
What is the normal range for Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG
Less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L)
239
What is the normal range for Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
Less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) two hours after consuming 75 grams of glucose
240
What is the normal range for Random Plasma Glucose Test
Levels less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)
241
What is the normal range for Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)
Less than 5.7%
242
At what fasting plasma glucose level is diabetes typically diagnosed?
126 mg/dL or higher on two separate tests
243
What does the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) measure?
Blood glucose levels before and two hours after consuming a glucose-containing beverage
244
What is the threshold two-hour glucose level in an OGTT that may indicate diabetes?
11 mmol/L or higher
245
What is the significance of a random plasma glucose level of 200 mg/dL or more?
It suggests diabetes, especially if accompanied by severe symptoms
246
What does the Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) test measure?
The average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months
247
At what HbA1C level is diabetes diagnosed?
6.5% or higher on two separate tests
248
What are common symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?
Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, unexpected weight loss, and fatigue
249
How does Type 2 diabetes onset differ from Type 1 diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes symptoms develop slowly over years, while Type 1 symptoms appear quickly over weeks
250
What are some common symptoms of Type 2 diabetes?
Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight gain or loss, fatigue, blurred vision, slow healing sores, frequent infections, and darkened skin areas
251
What is acanthosis nigricans and what does it indicate?
A condition with dark, velvety skin patches, often in folds and creases, indicating insulin resistance
252
What additional findings might be present in Type 1 diabetes?
Autoantibodies indicating an immune system attack on insulin-producing cells
253
Why is it important to consider symptoms, medical history, and risk factors in diagnosing diabetes?
To get a complete picture beyond just diagnostic test results and ensure accurate diagnosis
254
What might elevated microalbumin levels in urine indicate in diabetes patients?
Kidney damage
255
What complications might be detected through eye examinations in diabetes patients?
Retinal damage
256
In what situations would it be appropriate to obtain a blood glucose reading?
When symptoms of diabetes are present (e.g., excessive thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss) or as part of routine monitoring in at-risk individuals
257
What blood glucose level is generally considered hypoglycemic?
Below 3.9 mmol/L
258
What are common symptoms of hypoglycemia?
Feeling shaky, confused, irritable, hungry, tired, sweating, or dizzy
259
What is the immediate treatment for hypoglycemia?
Administer fast-acting carbohydrates such as fruit juice, regular soda, or glucose tablets
260
What should be given after the initial treatment for hypoglycemia?
Longer-acting carbohydrates like a sandwich or piece of fruit
261
How should blood sugar levels be monitored after a hypoglycemic event?
Closely monitor blood sugar levels and inform team members if in a hospital setting
262
What should patients be educated about regarding hypoglycemia?
Recognizing early signs, managing meals, and the importance of regular glucose monitoring
263
What are common symptoms of hyperglycemia?
Increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision, headache, confusion, and drowsiness
264
What is the initial management approach for hyperglycemia?
Adjust meal plans or medications, encourage physical activity, and monitor blood sugar levels
265
When should blood sugar levels be reported to a healthcare provider in cases of hyperglycemia?
If consistent high readings are observed or if the treatment plan may need modification
266
What should patients be educated about regarding hyperglycemia?
Monitoring blood sugar levels, recognizing signs of hyperglycemia, the role of diet and exercise, and when to seek medical help
267
What does a comprehensive diabetes assessment include?
History taking, physical examination, laboratory investigations, and psychosocial assessment
268
What should be assessed in the history taking portion of a diabetes assessment?
Medical history, type and duration of diabetes, medications, associated diseases, dietary habits, exercise regimen, and any previous complications
269
What physical signs should be assessed during a diabetes physical examination?
Dehydration, poor skin turgor, drowsiness, blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, BMI, foot ulcers or deformities, eye changes, and signs of neuropathy
270
What laboratory investigations are crucial for diabetes management?
Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels, lipid profile, kidney function tests, and urine analysis for microalbuminuria
271
Why is psychosocial assessment important in diabetes care?
To understand the patient’s coping mechanisms, family support, and barriers to effective diabetes management
272
What do sulfonylureas do in diabetes management?
Stimulate insulin release from pancreatic beta cells
273
Name two second-generation sulfonylureas.
Glyburide and glipizide
274
How do sulfonylureas work?
They bind to receptors on pancreatic beta cells, leading to increased insulin secretion
275
What are common side effects of sulfonylureas?
Hypoglycemia, weight gain, gastrointestinal disturbances
276
What serious but rare side effects might sulfonylureas cause?
Allergic reactions and hematological issues like thrombocytopenia
277
How should patients be educated regarding sulfonylureas?
Recognize symptoms of hypoglycemia, maintain regular eating habits, and monitor blood glucose regularly
278
What is the primary role of Biguanides like Metformin?
Reduce glucose production by the liver and increase insulin sensitivity
279
How does Metformin work?
Inhibits glycogenesis and enhances peripheral glucose uptake
280
For which type of diabetes is Metformin typically the first-line treatment?
Type 2 diabetes
281
What are common side effects of Metformin?
Gastrointestinal issues like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
282
What is a rare but serious side effect of Metformin?
Lactic acidosis
283
What should be monitored when using Metformin?
Kidney or liver function, as well as risk factors for lactic acidosis
284
What are the categories of insulin therapy?
Rapid-Acting, Short-Acting, Intermediate-Acting, Long-Acting, Ultra Long-Acting, and Premixed Insulin
285
Name an example of Rapid-Acting Insulin.
Lispro or Aspart
286
What is the onset and duration of Short-Acting Insulin?
Onset within 30 minutes, lasting 3-16 hours
287
When is Intermediate-Acting Insulin typically used?
To manage blood glucose levels over a longer period, such as between meals or overnight
288
What is the primary characteristic of Long-Acting Insulin?
It works over 24 hours with no clear peak
289
What is the purpose of an insulin pump?
To deliver insulin through a reservoir and cannula, reducing the need for multiple daily injections
290
What are some key points for patient education on insulin self-management?
Understanding diabetes and insulin, administration techniques, monitoring blood glucose, recognizing hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, insulin adjustment, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and regular follow-up
291
Why is rotation of injection sites important?
To avoid lipodystrophy (fat buildup or loss at injection sites)
292
What is the primary cause of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia
293
How does insulin deficiency lead to hyperglycemia in DKA?
Insulin deficiency prevents glucose use by cells, leading to high blood glucose levels.
294
What happens to fat metabolism in DKA?
The body breaks down fat to produce ketones due to lack of glucose use.
295
What does the production of excessive ketones lead to in DKA?
Ketosis and metabolic acidosis
296
Which respiratory pattern is associated with metabolic acidosis in DKA?
Rapid breathing or Kussmaul respirations
297
What are common symptoms of DKA?
Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rapid breathing, and fruity-scented breath
298
How can DKA be assessed in a patient?
Through history taking, physical examination, laboratory investigations, continuous monitoring, and mental status assessment
299
What laboratory findings confirm DKA?
Hyperglycemia (>250 mg/dL), metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.3, bicarbonate <15), ketonemia or ketonuria, and electrolyte imbalances
300
What is the main pathophysiological difference between Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS) and DKA?
HHS does not present with abdominal pain, Kussmaul respirations, or fruity breath, unlike DKA
301
What are the initial symptoms of Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)?
Subtle symptoms progressing to severe dehydration and neurologic changes
302
How is Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS) treated?
Through fluid resuscitation, insulin therapy, and electrolyte replacement
303
What are common macrovascular complications of diabetes?
Atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and stroke
304
What risk factors contribute to macrovascular complications in diabetes?
Hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, family history of heart disease, and albuminuria
305
What are common microvascular complications of diabetes?
Diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic neuropathy
306
What is the leading cause of vision loss in diabetic patients?
Diabetic retinopathy
307
What does diabetic nephropathy progress from and to?
From microalbuminuria to end-stage kidney disease
308
What can diabetic neuropathy lead to?
What can diabetic neuropathy lead to?
309
What are key components of diabetes management to prevent long-term complications?
Good blood glucose control, blood pressure and cholesterol management, and routine screening
310
What should be included in a nursing assessment for a diabetic patient?
Health status, medical history, lifestyle habits, challenges, blood glucose monitoring, medication regimen, and psychological well-being
311
What are some common nursing diagnoses related to diabetes management?
Ineffective health management, risk of unstable blood glucose, risk of infection, and knowledge deficit
312
What is the goal of the planning phase in diabetes care?
To develop a patient-centered plan with realistic goals for glycemic control, lifestyle habits, and patient education
313
What does the implementation phase involve in diabetes care?
Executing the care plan, educating the patient on self-monitoring, medication, diet, and physical activity, and collaborating with healthcare providers
314
How should nursing care be evaluated in diabetes management?
By regularly reviewing patient progress, modifying care plans based on health status and feedback, and providing empathetic support to improve adherence and outcomes
315
What is diabetes mellitus?
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
316
Name the three main types of diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Gestational diabetes
317
What is the normal fasting blood glucose range for individuals without diabetes?
3.0-6.1 mmol/L
318
What is the normal random blood glucose range for individuals without diabetes?
3.0-7.7 mmol/L
319
What are the main hormones involved in blood glucose regulation?
Insulin and glucagon
320
How does Type 1 diabetes differ from Type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes involves the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to little or no insulin production. Type 2 diabetes involves a combination of insulin resistance and decreased insulin production.
321
What is gestational diabetes and what causes it?
Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy due to the body’s inability to produce enough insulin to overcome insulin resistance caused by placental hormones.
322
What is the role of HbA1c in diabetes management?
HbA1c measures the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months, helping to assess the long-term effectiveness of diabetes management and treatment compliance.
323
If a patient has an HbA1c of 11.0%, what is their average blood glucose level in mmol/L? (See diabetes control card)
15.6 mmol/L
324
What are common symptoms of hypoglycemia?
Sweating, shaking, dizziness, confusion, irritability, headache, and possible loss of consciousness.
325
What are the key symptoms of hyperglycemia?
Increased thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, fatigue, and headaches.
326
What are the main acute complications of diabetes?
Hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS).
327
How does diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) present and in which type of diabetes is it commonly seen?
DKA presents with symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rapid breathing, fruity-smelling breath, and confusion. It is commonly seen in Type 1 diabetes.
328
What is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) and in which type of diabetes is it commonly seen?
HHS is a condition characterized by extremely high blood glucose levels leading to severe dehydration and altered mental status. It is commonly seen in Type 2 diabetes.
329
What is the primary treatment for hypoglycemia?
The primary treatment for hypoglycemia is the rapid administration of glucose, either orally (if the patient is conscious) or intravenously (if the patient is unconscious).
330
How should the treatment for hypoglycemia differ based on the patient’s level of consciousness?
If the patient is conscious, they should be given oral glucose (e.g., glucose tablets, juice). If the patient is unconscious, intravenous glucose or glucagon injection should be administered.
331
What are the long-term complications of diabetes related to the cardiovascular system?
Cardiovascular complications include coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, and stroke.
332
What are the common long-term complications affecting the kidneys in diabetes?
Common complications include diabetic nephropathy, which can progress to chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease.
333
Which diagnostic test is important before administering a hypoglycemic agent?
Blood glucose level (BGL) test is important to ensure that the patient is hypoglycemic before administering a hypoglycemic agent.
334
Name two classes of oral hypoglycemic agents used in Type 2 diabetes management.
Sulfonylureas
Biguanides
335
What are the different types of insulin and their purposes?
Rapid-acting analogues: Act quickly to manage postprandial blood glucose levels.
Short-acting analogues: Manage blood glucose levels during meals.
Intermediate-acting analogues: Provide basal insulin coverage.
Long-acting analogues: Provide extended basal insulin coverage.
336
What is the primary function of glucagon in diabetes management?
Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver.
337
What are some common adverse reactions of sulfonylureas?
Common adverse reactions include hypoglycemia, weight gain, and gastrointestinal disturbances.
338
What is the main action of biguanides in diabetes treatment?
Biguanides, such as metformin, primarily work by reducing hepatic glucose production and increasing insulin sensitivity.
339
How do rapid-acting insulin analogues differ from long-acting analogues in terms of onset and peak times?
Rapid-acting insulins have a quick onset and peak within 1-2 hours, while long-acting insulins have a gradual onset with a sustained effect lasting up to 24 hours.
340
How often should HbA1c levels typically be monitored in patients with diabetes?
Every 3-6 months
341
What is the impact of stress on blood glucose levels in diabetic patients?
Stress can cause an increase in blood glucose levels due to the release of stress hormones like cortisol, which can raise blood glucose.
342
Why might a surgeon be concerned if a patient’s HbA1c is 12% before surgery?
A high HbA1c indicates poor long-term glucose control, increasing the risk of surgical complications such as wound infections, delayed wound healing, and general poor surgical outcomes.
343
How can a nurse manage hyperglycemia in a diabetic patient?
Management includes administering insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents, monitoring blood glucose levels, ensuring adequate hydration, and educating the patient on dietary and lifestyle modifications.
344
What is the impact of sustained hyperglycemia on the nervous system?
Sustained hyperglycemia can lead to diabetic neuropathy, causing symptoms like numbness, tingling, pain, and loss of sensation in the extremities.
345
How does Type 2 diabetes management generally differ from Type 1 diabetes management?
Type 2 diabetes management typically involves lifestyle changes, oral medications, and sometimes insulin, whereas Type 1 diabetes management relies primarily on exogenous insulin administration.
346
What is the significance of monitoring blood glucose levels in relation to meal times?
Monitoring blood glucose levels helps assess the effectiveness of meal-related insulin or medication, manage postprandial blood glucose spikes, and adjust treatment plans as needed.
347
What is the normal fasting blood glucose range for individuals without diabetes?
A) 3.0-5.0 mmol/L
B) 3.0-6.1 mmol/L
C) 4.0-7.0 mmol/L
D) 4.5-8.0 mmol/L
B) 3.0-6.1 mmol/L
348
When should a blood glucose level be measured?
A) Only when symptoms of hypoglycemia are present
B) Before and after meals, during exercise, and if symptoms of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia occur
C) Only before meals
D) Only during physical examinations
B) Before and after meals, during exercise, and if symptoms of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia occur
349
What is the normal random blood glucose range for individuals without diabetes?
A) 3.0-6.0 mmol/L
B) 3.0-7.7 mmol/L
C) 4.0-8.0 mmol/L
D) 5.0-9.0 mmol/L
B) 3.0-7.7 mmol/L
350
Which type of diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells?
A) Type 1 diabetes
B) Type 2 diabetes
C) Gestational diabetes
D) Prediabetes
A) Type 1 diabetes
351
Which of the following is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?
A) Autoimmune disorders
B) Advanced age
C) Sudden weight loss
D) Excessive physical activity
B) Advanced age
352
What is a common risk factor for gestational diabetes?
A) High physical activity levels
B) History of Type 1 diabetes
C) Obesity
D) Underweight
C) Obesity
353
What is a common symptom of hypoglycemia?
A) Increased thirst
B) Frequent urination
C) Sweating
D) Blurred vision
C) Sweating
354
How should hypoglycemia be treated if the patient is conscious?
A) Administer intravenous dextrose
B) Provide oral glucose
C) Inject glucagon
D) Increase insulin dosage
B) Provide oral glucose
355
What is a key symptom of hyperglycemia?
A) Shaking
B) Confusion
C) Abdominal pain
D) Nausea
C) Abdominal pain
356
How should hyperglycemia be managed?
A) Administer glucagon
B) Increase fluid intake and administer insulin
C) Provide oral glucose
D) Administer intramuscular medications
B) Increase fluid intake and administer insulin
357
What is a long-term complication of diabetes related to the cardiovascular system?
A) Diabetic retinopathy
B) Diabetic nephropathy
C) Coronary artery disease
D) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
C) Coronary artery disease
358
Which of the following is a short-term complication of diabetes?
A) Diabetic neuropathy
B) Diabetic retinopathy
C) Diabetic ketoacidosis
D) Peripheral arterial disease
C) Diabetic ketoacidosis
359
What is diabetic nephropathy?
A) Nerve damage due to high blood glucose
B) Damage to the retina from high blood glucose
C) Kidney damage due to prolonged hyperglycemia
D) Heart disease related to diabetes
C) Kidney damage due to prolonged hyperglycemia
360
Which class of oral hypoglycemic agents includes metformin?
A) Sulfonylureas
B) Biguanides
C) Thiazolidinediones
D) DPP-4 inhibitors
B) Biguanides
361
What is the purpose of rapid-acting insulin analogues?
A) Provide long-term basal coverage
B) Increase insulin sensitivity
C) Manage overnight glucose levels
D) Manage blood glucose levels during meals
D) Manage blood glucose levels during meals
362
Which medication is used to treat severe hypoglycemia in unconscious patients?
A) Oral glucose
B) Glucagon
C) Insulin
D) Biguanides
B) Glucagon
363
What is the purpose of intravenous dextrose in diabetes management?
A) To increase blood glucose levels rapidly
B) To provide long-term insulin coverage
C) To reduce blood glucose levels
D) To manage blood glucose levels during meals
A) To increase blood glucose levels rapidly
364
When is subcutaneous medication administration indicated?
A) For medications that require rapid absorption
B) For medications that need to act quickly
C) For medications that require slow, steady absorption
D) For medications that must be absorbed into the bloodstream immediately
C) For medications that require slow, steady absorption
365
When is intramuscular medication administration indicated?
A) For medications that need to be absorbed slowly
B) For medications that require immediate and rapid absorption
C) For medications that need to act over a prolonged period
D) For medications that are not effective through other routes
B) For medications that require immediate and rapid absorption
366
Which anatomical site is commonly used for subcutaneous injections?
A) Vastus lateralis
B) Deltoid muscle
C) Abdomen
D) Gluteus maximus
C) Abdomen
367
Which anatomical site is commonly used for intramuscular injections?
A) Abdomen
B) Deltoid muscle
C) Forearm
D) Upper back
B) Deltoid muscle
368
What equipment is needed for subcutaneous injections?
A) 18-gauge needle
B) 25-30 gauge needle, syringe
C) Intravenous catheter
D) 21-gauge needle
B) 25-30 gauge needle, syringe
369
What equipment is required for intramuscular injections?
A) 25-30 gauge needle, syringe
B) 21-23 gauge needle, syringe
C) Intravenous catheter
D) 18-gauge needle, syringe
B) 21-23 gauge needle, syringe
370
What is the correct procedure for administering a subcutaneous injection?
A) Insert the needle at a 90-degree angle, aspirate, inject medication
B) Insert the needle at a 45-degree angle, inject medication without aspirating
C) Insert the needle at a 30-degree angle, aspirate, and then inject medication
D) Insert the needle perpendicular to the skin, aspirate, and then inject
B) Insert the needle at a 45-degree angle, inject medication without aspirating
371
What is the correct procedure for administering an intramuscular injection?
A) Insert the needle at a 15-degree angle, aspirate, and then inject
B) Insert the needle at a 90-degree angle, aspirate, and then inject medication
C) Insert the needle at a 45-degree angle, inject medication without aspirating
D) Insert the needle at a 30-degree angle, aspirate, and then inject medication
B) Insert the needle at a 90-degree angle, aspirate, and then inject medication
372
What should be done immediately before administering any injection?
A) Clean the injection site with alcohol
B) Measure the blood glucose level
C) Administer oral glucose
D) Assess the patient’s vital signs
A) Clean the injection site with alcohol
373
What is the recommended site for an intramuscular injection in infants?
A) Deltoid muscle
B) Vastus lateralis
C) Gluteus maximus
D) Abdomen
B) Vastus lateralis
374
Which gauge needle is typically used for subcutaneous injections?
A) 18-gauge
B) 21-gauge
C) 23-gauge
D) 25-30 gauge
D) 25-30 gauge
375
What is a key consideration when selecting an injection site for intramuscular administration?
A) Site should be chosen based on the patient’s skin color
B) Site should be avoided if there is muscle atrophy
C) Site should be chosen based on the medication's dosage
D) Site should be chosen based on the patient's age
B) Site should be avoided if there is muscle atrophy
