Week 5: Gastrointestinal Assessment Flashcards
(221 cards)
1
Q
Define
Gastrointestinal (GI) Health History
A
The process of gathering detailed information about a patient’s digestive system symptoms, medical history, and lifestyle to assess their gastrointestinal health.
2
Q
Define
Hematemesis
A
Vomiting of blood, which can indicate bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
3
Q
Define
Indigestion
A
Discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen associated with eating, potentially caused by issues with digestion or the GI tract.
4
Q
Define
Flatulence
A
The release of gas from the digestive tract through the rectum.
5
Q
Define
Belching
A
The expulsion of gas from the stomach through the mouth.
6
Q
Define
Nausea
A
A feeling of unease and discomfort in the stomach with an urge to vomit.
7
Q
Define
Emesis
A
The act of vomiting, which can vary in appearance and may indicate different underlying conditions.
8
Q
Define
Melena
A
Black, tarry stools that suggest bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
9
Q
Define
Hematochezia
A
The passage of fresh, bright red blood through the rectum, indicating bleeding in the lower gastrointestinal tract, such as the colon or rectum.
10
Q
Define
Rebound Tenderness
A
Pain that occurs when pressure applied to an area is quickly released, indicating possible inflammation or irritation in the abdominal area.
11
Q
Define
The Sims Position
A
A position used for certain medical examinations, where the patient lies on their left side with their right knee and thigh drawn up towards the chest.
12
Q
Define
Large Intestine
A
The part of the digestive system responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from undigested food, forming and expelling feces. It includes the colon and rectum.
13
Q
Define
Constipation
A
A condition where bowel movements are infrequent or difficult to pass, often resulting in hard, dry stools due to prolonged stool retention in the colon.
14
Q
Define
Feces
A
The solid waste products of digestion, consisting of water, undigested food particles, bacteria, and metabolic byproducts, expelled through the rectum.
15
Q
Define
Bile Pigments
A
Compounds produced by the liver that give stool its brown color, derived from the breakdown of red blood cells.
16
Q
Define
Bristol Stool Chart
A
A diagnostic tool used to classify stool types based on their appearance, ranging from hard lumps (Type 1) to watery liquid (Type 7), to help assess bowel health and function.
17
Q
Define
Diarrhea
A
Frequent, loose, or watery stools often resulting from gastrointestinal disturbances or infections.
18
Q
Define
Celiac Disease
A
An autoimmune disorder where ingestion of gluten leads to inflammation and damage of the small intestine lining, affecting nutrient absorption.
19
Q
Define
Dehydration
A
A condition resulting from excessive loss of fluids and electrolytes, which can affect bowel function and lead to hard, dry stools.
20
Q
Define
Full Blood Count (FBC)
A
A common blood test that measures various components of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, to assess overall health and detect potential issues.
21
Q
Define
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
A
A protein that may be elevated in certain types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer. It is used as a tumor marker in diagnostic evaluations.
22
Q
Define
Liver Function Tests (LFTs)
A
A group of blood tests that measure enzymes and proteins in the liver, used to evaluate liver health and diagnose liver conditions.
23
Q
Define
Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)
A
A stool test used to detect hidden (occult) blood in the feces, which can be an indicator of gastrointestinal bleeding or conditions such as colorectal cancer.
24
Q
Define
Breath Tests
A
Diagnostic tests that analyze components in a patient’s breath to diagnose conditions such as Helicobacter pylori infection or carbohydrate malabsorption.
25
# Define
Gastric Motility Studies
Tests that assess the movement of food and liquids through the gastrointestinal tract using radionuclide markers to evaluate GI motility.
26
# Define
Endoscopy
A procedure involving the insertion of a flexible tube with a camera and light source into the GI tract to visualize and potentially biopsy the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
27
# Define
Colonoscopy
A diagnostic procedure that involves examining the lining of the large intestine (colon) with a flexible tube equipped with a camera, used to detect abnormalities, polyps, or cancer.
28
# Define
Sigmoidoscopy
A procedure similar to colonoscopy but limited to examining the sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal using a flexible tube.
29
# Define
Barium Enema
A diagnostic test where a barium contrast liquid is introduced into the rectum and colon, allowing X-ray images to highlight abnormalities in the large intestine.
30
# Define
Mucosal Transport
The movement of nutrients and fluids across the mucosal layer of the colon, which is essential for proper bowel function.
31
# Define
Myoelectric Activity
The electrical activity of the muscles in the colon that helps coordinate the movement of stool through the gastrointestinal tract.
32
# Define
Defecation
The process of eliminating stool from the rectum through the anus.
33
# Define
Rectal Distension
The stretching of the rectum due to the accumulation of stool, which triggers the urge to defecate.
34
# Define
Borborygmi
The rumbling or gurgling sounds produced by the movement of gas and fluids in the intestines.
35
# Define
Fecal Impaction
A severe form of constipation where a large mass of stool becomes stuck in the rectum and cannot be passed naturally.
36
# Define
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the rectal or anal area that can cause discomfort and bleeding.
37
# Define
Anal Fissures
Small tears in the lining of the anus that can cause pain and bleeding during bowel movements.
38
# Define
Megacolon
An abnormal enlargement of the colon that can result from severe constipation and affect bowel function.
39
# Define
Bulk-Forming Laxatives
Laxatives that increase the bulk of stool to stimulate peristalsis and promote bowel movements.
40
# Define
Saline Agents
Laxatives that draw water into the intestines to increase stool volume and stimulate bowel movements.
41
# Define
Lubricant Laxatives
Laxatives that coat the stool and the intestinal lining to ease the passage of stool.
42
# Define
Stimulant Laxatives
Laxatives that irritate the colon's lining to induce bowel movements.
43
# Define
Stool Softeners
Laxatives that add moisture to the stool to make it easier to pass.
44
# Define
Osmotic Agents
Laxatives that attract water into the intestines to induce diarrhea and relieve constipation.
45
# Define
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
A functional gastrointestinal disorder marked by symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits. Management often includes dietary adjustments like the FODMAP diet.
46
# Define
FODMAP
A dietary approach used to manage IBS by reducing the intake of foods that are high in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols.
47
# Define
Secretory Diarrhea
A type of diarrhea caused by the increased secretion of fluids into the intestinal lumen, often due to bacterial toxins or other irritants.
48
# Define
Osmotic Diarrhea
Diarrhea caused by the presence of non-absorbable substances in the intestines that draw water into the intestinal lumen due to increased osmotic pressure.
49
# Define
Malabsorptive Diarrhea
Diarrhea resulting from the failure of the intestines to properly absorb nutrients, leading to the passage of unabsorbed nutrients in the stool.
50
# Define
Exudative Diarrhea
Diarrhea associated with the loss of mucus, blood, or pus from the intestinal mucosa, often due to inflammatory conditions or chemotherapy.
51
# Define
Esophageal Varices
Enlarged veins in the esophagus that can bleed and result in the presence of blood in vomit, requiring immediate assessment.
52
# Define
Visceral Afferent Stimulation
Stimulation of sensory nerves in the internal organs that can cause nausea, often due to irritation or infection.
53
# Define
Antiemetics
Medications used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting. Examples include metoclopramide and ondansetron (Zofran).
54
# What is
The process of gathering detailed information about a patient's digestive system symptoms, medical history, and lifestyle to assess their gastrointestinal health.
Gastrointestinal (GI) Health History
55
# What is
Vomiting of blood, which can indicate bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Hematemesis
56
# What is
Discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen associated with eating, potentially caused by issues with digestion or the GI tract.
Indigestion
57
# What is
The release of gas from the digestive tract through the rectum.
Flatulence
58
# What is
The expulsion of gas from the stomach through the mouth.
Belching
59
# What is
A feeling of unease and discomfort in the stomach with an urge to vomit.
Nausea
60
# What is
The act of vomiting, which can vary in appearance and may indicate different underlying conditions.
Emesis
61
# What is
Black, tarry stools that suggest bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Melena
62
# What is
The passage of fresh, bright red blood through the rectum, indicating bleeding in the lower gastrointestinal tract, such as the colon or rectum.
Hematochezia
63
# What is
Pain that occurs when pressure applied to an area is quickly released, indicating possible inflammation or irritation in the abdominal area.
Rebound Tenderness
64
# What is
A position used for certain medical examinations, where the patient lies on their left side with their right knee and thigh drawn up towards the chest.
The Sims Position
65
# What is
The part of the digestive system responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from undigested food, forming and expelling feces. It includes the colon and rectum.
Large Intestine
66
# What is
A condition where bowel movements are infrequent or difficult to pass, often resulting in hard, dry stools due to prolonged stool retention in the colon.
Constipation
67
# What is
The solid waste products of digestion, consisting of water, undigested food particles, bacteria, and metabolic byproducts, expelled through the rectum.
Feces
68
# What is
Compounds produced by the liver that give stool its brown color, derived from the breakdown of red blood cells.
Bile Pigments
69
# What is
A diagnostic tool used to classify stool types based on their appearance, ranging from hard lumps (Type 1) to watery liquid (Type 7), to help assess bowel health and function.
Bristol Stool Chart
70
# What is
Frequent, loose, or watery stools often resulting from gastrointestinal disturbances or infections.
Diarrhea
71
# What is
An autoimmune disorder where ingestion of gluten leads to inflammation and damage of the small intestine lining, affecting nutrient absorption.
Celiac Disease
72
# What is
A condition resulting from excessive loss of fluids and electrolytes, which can affect bowel function and lead to hard, dry stools.
Dehydration
73
# What is
A common blood test that measures various components of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, to assess overall health and detect potential issues.
Full Blood Count (FBC)
74
# What is
A protein that may be elevated in certain types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer. It is used as a tumor marker in diagnostic evaluations.
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
75
# What is
A group of blood tests that measure enzymes and proteins in the liver, used to evaluate liver health and diagnose liver conditions.
Liver Function Tests (LFTs)
76
# What is
A stool test used to detect hidden (occult) blood in the feces, which can be an indicator of gastrointestinal bleeding or conditions such as colorectal cancer.
Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)
77
# What is
Diagnostic tests that analyze components in a patient's breath to diagnose conditions such as Helicobacter pylori infection or carbohydrate malabsorption.
Breath Tests
78
# What is
Tests that assess the movement of food and liquids through the gastrointestinal tract using radionuclide markers to evaluate GI motility.
Gastric Motility Studies
79
# What is
A procedure involving the insertion of a flexible tube with a camera and light source into the GI tract to visualize and potentially biopsy the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
Endoscopy
80
# What is
A diagnostic procedure that involves examining the lining of the large intestine (colon) with a flexible tube equipped with a camera, used to detect abnormalities, polyps, or cancer.
Colonoscopy
81
# What is
A procedure similar to colonoscopy but limited to examining the sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal using a flexible tube.
Sigmoidoscopy
82
# What is
A diagnostic test where a barium contrast liquid is introduced into the rectum and colon, allowing X-ray images to highlight abnormalities in the large intestine.
Barium Enema
83
# What is
The movement of nutrients and fluids across the mucosal layer of the colon, which is essential for proper bowel function.
Mucosal Transport
84
# What is
The electrical activity of the muscles in the colon that helps coordinate the movement of stool through the gastrointestinal tract.
Myoelectric Activity
85
# What is
The process of eliminating stool from the rectum through the anus.
Defecation
86
# What is
The stretching of the rectum due to the accumulation of stool, which triggers the urge to defecate.
Rectal Distension
87
# What is
The rumbling or gurgling sounds produced by the movement of gas and fluids in the intestines.
Borborygmi
88
# What is
A severe form of constipation where a large mass of stool becomes stuck in the rectum and cannot be passed naturally.
Fecal Impaction
89
# What is
Swollen veins in the rectal or anal area that can cause discomfort and bleeding.
Hemorrhoids
90
# What is
Small tears in the lining of the anus that can cause pain and bleeding during bowel movements.
Anal Fissures
91
# What is
An abnormal enlargement of the colon that can result from severe constipation and affect bowel function.
Megacolon
92
# What is
Laxatives that increase the bulk of stool to stimulate peristalsis and promote bowel movements.
Bulk-Forming Laxatives
93
# What is
Laxatives that draw water into the intestines to increase stool volume and stimulate bowel movements.
Saline Agents
94
# What is
Laxatives that coat the stool and the intestinal lining to ease the passage of stool.
Lubricant Laxatives
95
# What is
Laxatives that irritate the colon's lining to induce bowel movements.
Stimulant Laxatives
96
# What is
Laxatives that add moisture to the stool to make it easier to pass.
Stool Softeners
97
# What is
Laxatives that attract water into the intestines to induce diarrhea and relieve constipation.
Osmotic Agents
98
# What is
A functional gastrointestinal disorder marked by symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits. Management often includes dietary adjustments like the FODMAP diet.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
99
# What is
A dietary approach used to manage IBS by reducing the intake of foods that are high in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols.
FODMAP
100
# What is
A type of diarrhea caused by the increased secretion of fluids into the intestinal lumen, often due to bacterial toxins or other irritants.
Secretory Diarrhea
101
# What is
Diarrhea caused by the presence of non-absorbable substances in the intestines that draw water into the intestinal lumen due to increased osmotic pressure.
Osmotic Diarrhea
102
# What is
Diarrhea resulting from the failure of the intestines to properly absorb nutrients, leading to the passage of unabsorbed nutrients in the stool.
Malabsorptive Diarrhea
103
# What is
Diarrhea associated with the loss of mucus, blood, or pus from the intestinal mucosa, often due to inflammatory conditions or chemotherapy.
Exudative Diarrhea
104
# What is
Enlarged veins in the esophagus that can bleed and result in the presence of blood in vomit, requiring immediate assessment.
Esophageal Varices
105
# What is
Stimulation of sensory nerves in the internal organs that can cause nausea, often due to irritation or infection.
Visceral Afferent Stimulation
106
What is the focus of a comprehensive gastrointestinal health history?
The focus is on symptoms commonly associated with GI dysfunction, such as pain, indigestion, intestinal gas, nausea and vomiting, hematemesis, changes in bowel habits, and stool characteristics.
107
Which details are important to gather during a GI health history?
Past and current medications, previous GI treatments or surgeries, diagnostic studies or treatments the patient has undergone, and dietary history including any changes in appetite or weight.
108
What should you assess when evaluating pain in the GI system?
Assess the pain's character, duration, frequency, location, distribution of referred pain, and timing.
109
What is indigestion and what factors might contribute to it?
Indigestion is upper abdominal discomfort associated with eating, potentially related to gastric peristalsis or issues with the nervous system, stomach, or GI tract. Factors like fatty or highly seasoned foods may contribute.
110
What are the possible causes of excessive gas in the GI tract?
Excessive gas might indicate gallbladder disease or food intolerance.
111
What is hematemesis and what does its color indicate?
Hematemesis is vomiting blood. Bright red blood suggests a recent hemorrhage, while coffee-ground emesis indicates that blood has been retained in the stomach and acted upon by digestive enzymes.
112
What does melena in stool signify?
Melena is tarry black stool, indicating an upper GI bleed.
113
What does bright red blood in the stool suggest?
Bright red blood in the stool suggests a lower GI bleed.
114
What should you assess in abnormal stool characteristics?
Look for variations such as bulky, greasy, foamy, clay-colored, mucus-containing, small, dry, hard, loose, or watery stools.
115
What areas should be inspected in a comprehensive GI assessment?
Inspect the lips, tongue, teeth, and pharynx for ulcers, nodules, swelling, discoloration, or inflammation.
116
What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), and Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ).
117
What organs are found in the LUQ?
Stomach, spleen, left liver lobe, duodenum, pancreas body, left kidney, adrenal gland, splenic flexure of colon, and parts of the descending and transverse colon.
118
What should the patient’s position be for a physical GI assessment?
The patient should be supine, relaxed, comfortable, with a pillow under the head, knees bent, and arms at their sides.
119
Why should you auscultate before palpating during a GI assessment?
To avoid disrupting bowel sounds which might affect the accuracy of the assessment.
120
What is rebound tenderness and why is it significant?
Rebound tenderness is pain experienced when pressure is released from the abdomen, and it is a significant finding indicating possible inflammation or irritation.
121
How should you position a patient for a rectal examination?
Position the patient in The Sims position (left side) for the rectal examination.
122
What are the primary functions of the large intestine?
The large intestine is involved in bowel elimination and absorption, processing about 800 to 1,000 ml of liquid into semi-solid stool.
123
What happens if absorption in the large intestine is impaired?
It results in watery stool.
124
What occurs if stool remains in the colon for too long?
The stool becomes very dry and hard, leading to constipation.
125
What vitamins are manufactured by the bowel?
The bowel manufactures vitamin K and biotin (a B vitamin).
126
What is the typical composition of feces?
Feces are composed of about 75% water and 25% solids, including undigested fiber, solidified components of digestive juices, bacteria, fat, inorganic matter, and proteins.
127
What is considered normal stool frequency for adults?
Adults typically have daily bowel movements, sometimes twice daily, but it can vary widely.
128
What are the normal stool colors for infants and adults?
Infants have stool colors ranging from yellow to brown, while adults have brown stool due to bile pigments.
129
What does black stool indicate?
Black stool may indicate a diet high in red meat or dark green vegetables, or it could signal bleeding.
130
What might lighter brown stool suggest?
Lighter brown stool might indicate a diet high in milk products.
131
What could clay-colored stool suggest?
Clay-colored stool could suggest bile absence or malabsorption.
132
What is the significance of excessive flatulence?
Excessive flatulence may result from extra bacteria and can cause bloating, discomfort, and possibly diarrhea.
133
What does Type 1 on the Bristol Stool Chart indicate?
Type 1 indicates separate hard lumps, which are hard to pass and often lead to constipation.
134
What does Type 4 on the Bristol Stool Chart indicate?
Type 4 indicates sausage-shaped, smooth, and soft stool, which is typical and easier to pass.
135
What are the characteristics of Type 7 stool on the Bristol Stool Chart?
Type 7 is watery, with no solid pieces, and is entirely liquid.
136
What are common factors affecting bowel habits in infants?
Factors include whether they are breastfed or bottle-fed, with breastfed infants typically having looser stools.
137
How does aging affect bowel function in older adults?
Aging can slow down bowel function due to decreased secretions, slower metabolism, and changes in drug metabolism, often leading to constipation.
138
How can lifestyle factors impact bowel elimination?
Lifestyle factors such as diet, fluid intake, activity levels, and stress can impact bowel elimination. A high-fiber diet and adequate fluid intake promote healthy bowel function.
139
What role do medications play in bowel function?
Medications can either help open the bowels or slow them down. Opioids, for example, can slow bowel function, while anti-diarrheal medications are used to treat diarrhea.
140
What is the typical daily flatulence volume for adults?
Adults typically produce 400-700 ml of flatulence daily.
141
What is the purpose of blood tests in diagnosing GI conditions?
Blood tests help reveal issues related to metabolic function and identify various underlying conditions affecting the GI system.
142
Name four common blood tests ordered for GI conditions.
Full Blood Count (FBC), Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA), Liver Function Tests (LFTs), and Cholesterol levels.
143
What does the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) detect?
The FOBT detects hidden blood in the stool, which is a critical indicator of potential GI issues.
144
What can stool tests help detect?
Stool tests can help detect hidden blood, fats, nitrogen, parasites, and undigested food residues.
145
How is a stool sample collected for testing?
A small sample of feces is collected using a plastic stick, placed into a specimen vial, and sent to the pathology lab with a pathology slip.
146
What is the purpose of breath tests in GI diagnostics?
Breath tests, such as the hydrogen breath test or tests for Helicobacter pylori, help diagnose GI conditions.
147
What is an abdominal ultrasound used for in GI diagnostics?
An abdominal ultrasound uses sound waves to detect issues within the GI system.
148
How do X-rays and CT scans help in diagnosing GI conditions?
X-rays and CT scans identify abnormalities, tumors, lesions, and conditions like diverticulitis, Crohn’s disease, and appendicitis.
149
What is the role of MRI in GI diagnostics?
MRI is useful for evaluating abnormal soft tissue, blood vessels, and fistulas.
150
What does a PET scan do in the context of GI diagnostics?
A PET scan produces images by detecting radiation from radioactive substances injected into the patient.
151
What do gastric motility studies assess?
Gastric motility studies assess how well the GI tract moves food and liquids.
152
What is the purpose of endoscopy in GI diagnostics?
Endoscopy allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract lining using a camera, and biopsies can be taken to detect issues like inflammatory, ulcerative, or infectious diseases.
153
What does a colonoscopy examine?
A colonoscopy is a visual examination of the lining of the large intestine.
154
What is a sigmoidoscopy used to examine?
A sigmoidoscopy examines the sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal.
155
How does a barium enema aid in GI diagnostics?
A barium enema uses a liquid (barium) instilled into the large intestine to highlight the colon and rectum on X-ray images, improving visualization of the area.
156
What is constipation?
Constipation is defined by infrequent or irregular defecation, abnormal hardening of stools, decreased stool volume, and retention of stool in the rectum.
157
Why is it important to assess a patient's normal bowel pattern when managing constipation?
It's important to assess a patient’s normal bowel pattern to compare current symptoms with their usual pattern and determine what constitutes normal for them.
158
Name some common causes of constipation.
Common causes of constipation include medications, rectal or anal obstructions, neurological disorders, neuromuscular disorders, metabolic and endocrine disorders, lead poisoning, connective tissue disorders, and colon diseases.
159
Who is at higher risk for constipation?
Patients who are weak, fatigued, immobile, or have poor lifestyle habits are at higher risk for constipation.
160
What are the three major functions of the colon affected by constipation?
The three major functions affected by constipation are mucosal transport, myoelectric activity, and the process of defecation.
161
What might a patient with constipation present with?
A patient with constipation might present with abdominal distension, borborygmi (rumbling bowel sounds), abdominal pain and pressure, decreased appetite, headache, fatigue, indigestion, a feeling of incomplete bowel evacuation, and hard, dry stools.
162
How is constipation commonly diagnosed?
Constipation is commonly diagnosed through patient history and physical assessment, with additional diagnostic methods including abdominal X-rays, barium enema, sigmoidoscopy, stool sample analysis, anorectal manometry, and pelvic floor MRI.
163
What are some complications of untreated constipation?
Complications of untreated constipation include hypertension, fecal impaction, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, megacolon, and liquid stool seepage due to straining during defecation.
164
What does effective management of constipation involve?
Effective management involves taking a thorough health history, assessing normal bowel patterns, reviewing the patient’s lifestyle, medical, and surgical history, and providing education on bowel habit training and health promotion.
165
What are bulk-forming laxatives used for?
Bulk-forming laxatives are used to increase stool bulk to stimulate peristalsis.
166
What do saline agents do?
Saline agents stimulate peristalsis to promote bowel movements.
167
How do lubricant laxatives aid in managing constipation?
Lubricant laxatives ease the passage of stool by lubricating the bowel.
168
What is the purpose of stimulant laxatives?
Stimulant laxatives irritate the colon to induce bowel movements.
169
What do stool softeners do?
Stool softeners hydrate the stool to make it easier to pass.
170
What is the function of osmotic agents in constipation management?
Osmotic agents induce diarrhea to relieve constipation.
171
How does the choice of laxative depend on the type and duration of constipation?
The choice of laxative depends on the specific type and duration of constipation as well as the underlying cause, to effectively address the issue.
172
How is diarrhea defined?
Diarrhea is defined as having an increased frequency of bowel movements (more than three times per day), an increased amount of stool (more than 200 grams per day), and altered stool consistency, resulting in very loose stools.
173
What are some common causes of diarrhea?
Common causes of diarrhea include Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), infections (bacterial or viral), medications (such as antibiotics), underlying metabolic or endocrine disorders, malabsorption, and intestinal obstruction.
174
What is secretory diarrhea?
Secretory diarrhea is characterized by an increased secretion of fluids into the intestinal mucosa.
175
What is osmotic diarrhea?
Osmotic diarrhea occurs when water is drawn into the intestines due to increased osmotic pressure.
176
What is malabsorptive diarrhea?
Malabsorptive diarrhea is caused by improper absorption of nutrients in the intestines, leading to diarrhea.
177
What is exudative diarrhea?
Exudative diarrhea results from changes in epithelial integrity, often due to chemotherapy, causing fluid and mucus to be exuded into the intestines.
178
What clinical manifestations might a patient with diarrhea present with?
A patient with diarrhea might present with increased stool frequency and volume, abdominal cramps and distension, borborygmi (rumbling bowel sounds), loss of appetite, and thirst.
179
What diagnostic tests are used to assess diarrhea?
Diagnostic tests for diarrhea include blood tests (full blood count and chemical profile), urinalysis, stool examination (routine and cultures), and imaging tests like endoscopy and barium enema.
180
What are some complications of untreated diarrhea?
Complications of untreated diarrhea can include fluid and electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, hypovolemic shock, and dermatitis.
181
What is the first step in managing diarrhea?
The first step in managing diarrhea is a thorough assessment, including auscultation and palpation of the abdomen.
182
Why is monitoring bowel movements and fluid balance important in managing diarrhea?
Monitoring bowel movements and fluid balance is crucial to track the severity of diarrhea and prevent dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
183
What precautions should be taken if diarrhea is due to an infectious cause?
Appropriate PPE should be used to protect yourself and others from infection if diarrhea is due to an infectious cause.
184
What is the goal of rehydration in managing diarrhea?
The goal of rehydration is to ensure the patient is adequately hydrated with fluids and, if possible, food to replace lost fluids and electrolytes.
185
When might anti-diarrheal medications like Imodium be used?
Anti-diarrheal medications like Imodium (loperamide) may be used to manage symptoms of diarrhea, but they should be used with caution and based on the underlying cause.
186
How can skin care be managed for a patient with diarrhea?
Skin care involves regularly cleaning and drying the patient to prevent skin irritation and breakdown due to frequent bowel movements.
187
What is the definition of nausea?
Nausea is a sensation that accompanies the urge to vomit but does not always lead to vomiting.
188
What is the definition of vomiting?
Vomiting is the physical, voluntary, or involuntary emptying of stomach contents through the mouth.
189
What are some common causes of nausea and vomiting?
Common causes include motion sickness, pregnancy, severe pain, emotional stress, gallbladder disease, food poisoning, viral infections, gastric or duodenal ulcers, and esophageal varices.
190
What role does severe pain play in nausea?
Severe pain can induce nausea as the body's response to intense discomfort.
191
How can emotional stress affect nausea and vomiting?
Both physical and emotional stress can trigger nausea and vomiting as part of the body's stress response.
192
What is the pathophysiology of nausea and vomiting related to visceral afferent stimulation?
Visceral afferent stimulation can result from peritoneal irritation caused by infection or biliary disorders, leading to nausea and vomiting.
192
How do CNS disorders contribute to nausea and vomiting?
CNS disorders can cause nausea and vomiting through irritation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain.
193
What are some common diagnostic methods for assessing nausea and vomiting?
Diagnostic methods include taking a health history, conducting a physical examination, neuro assessment, CT or MRI, blood tests, and possibly an abdominal X-ray.
194
What are some complications associated with nausea and vomiting?
Complications include fluid and electrolyte loss, dehydration, aspiration pneumonia, and hypovolemic shock.
195
Why is continuous assessment important in managing a patient with nausea and vomiting?
Continuous assessment is crucial to ensure airway patency, conduct a thorough pain assessment, and inspect the vomit for blood, as well as to monitor hydration and overall status.
196
What should be monitored in a patient with nausea and vomiting?
Regular monitoring should include nausea levels, fluid balance, consciousness level, and hydration status.
197
What precautions should be taken to prevent infection in patients with nausea and vomiting?
Infection precautions include using appropriate PPE and hygiene practices to protect the patient, healthcare provider, and others from potential infectious causes.
198
What is the role of antiemetic medications in managing nausea and vomiting?
Antiemetic medications, such as metoclopramide and ondansetron (Zofran), are used to manage and reduce symptoms of nausea and vomiting.
199
What is an important aspect of managing hydration and nutrition for a patient with nausea and vomiting?
Encouraging adequate intake and administering intravenous fluids if necessary are key to maintaining hydration and nutrition.
200
What should you do if vomit contains blood?
Inspect the vomit for blood and ensure prompt assessment and management, as it may indicate a serious underlying condition.
201
What is the primary purpose of taking a comprehensive gastrointestinal health history?
A) To diagnose the patient’s condition
B) To understand the patient’s normal bowel habits and any deviations
C) To determine the patient’s blood pressure
D) To assess the patient’s physical fitness
B) To understand the patient’s normal bowel habits and any deviations
202
Which physical examination technique involves gently feeling the abdomen to assess for abnormalities?
A) Inspection
B) Palpation
C) Auscultation
D) Percussion
B) Palpation
203
What is the normal frequency of bowel movements for an adult?
A) Once per week
B) Three to five times per day
C) Once every three days
D) Once or twice per day
D) Once or twice per day
204
Which of the following characteristics of faeces indicates a possible abnormality?
A) Brown and soft
B) Yellow and loose
C) Hard and dry
D) Green and formed
C) Hard and dry
205
Which diagnostic test is commonly used to assess for gastrointestinal bleeding?
A) Abdominal X-ray
B) Stool sample analysis
C) Sigmoidoscopy
D) CT scan
B) Stool sample analysis
206
What type of diagnostic evaluation involves inserting a camera into the rectum to view the lower intestines?
A) Barium enema
B) Endoscopy
C) Sigmoidoscopy
D) MRI
C) Sigmoidoscopy
207
Which of the following medications is commonly prescribed for constipation?
A) Loperamide
B) Metoclopramide
C) Bisacodyl
D) Ondansetron
C) Bisacodyl
208
What is the main purpose of bulk-forming laxatives?
A) To stimulate peristalsis
B) To lubricate the stool
C) To increase stool bulk and stimulate bowel movements
D) To draw water into the intestines
C) To increase stool bulk and stimulate bowel movements
209
Which medication is commonly used to treat diarrhea by slowing down bowel movements?
A) Loperamide
B) Senna
C) Docusate sodium
D) Magnesium hydroxide
A) Loperamide
210
What is the purpose of stool softeners in treating constipation?
A) To increase stool bulk
B) To draw water into the intestines
C) To ease the passage of stool by hydrating it
D) To stimulate the colon
C) To ease the passage of stool by hydrating it
211
Which diagnostic test would be most appropriate for visualizing the upper gastrointestinal tract?
A) Abdominal X-ray
B) Barium swallow
C) Stool examination
D) Sigmoidoscopy
B) Barium swallow
212
Which type of diarrhea is characterized by increased secretion of fluids into the intestinal mucosa?
A) Secretory diarrhea
B) Osmotic diarrhea
C) Malabsorptive diarrhea
D) Exudative diarrhea
A) Secretory diarrhea
213
What is the common characteristic of fecal specimens in patients with malabsorption issues?
A) Dark and tarry
B) Pale and fatty
C) Hard and dry
D) Bright red
B) Pale and fatty
214
Which type of laxative is best used for patients who need to soften hard stools?
A) Bulk-forming laxatives
B) Saline agents
C) Stimulant laxatives
D) Stool softeners
D) Stool softeners
215
For which condition would you prescribe an antiemetic like ondansetron?
A) Constipation
B) Diarrhea
C) Nausea and vomiting
D) Abdominal pain
C) Nausea and vomiting
216
Which physical examination method involves listening to bowel sounds with a stethoscope?
A) Palpation
B) Inspection
C) Auscultation
D) Percussion
C) Auscultation
217
What is the primary indication for using saline laxatives?
A) To soften stools
B) To increase stool bulk
C) To draw water into the intestines and stimulate peristalsis
D) To lubricate the stool
C) To draw water into the intestines and stimulate peristalsis
218
Which condition might be diagnosed using an abdominal X-ray?
A) Gastric ulcer
B) Food poisoning
C) Mechanical bowel obstruction
D) Viral gastroenteritis
C) Mechanical bowel obstruction
219
What is the main role of anti-diarrheal medications like loperamide?
A) To decrease bowel inflammation
B) To increase stool bulk
C) To slow down bowel movements
D) To stimulate the intestines
C) To slow down bowel movements
220
Which type of diagnostic test is used to assess for gastrointestinal bleeding?
A) Endoscopy
B) MRI
C) Urinalysis
D) Stool culture
Answer: D) Stool culture
