Week 1 - The Immune System Flashcards
(26 cards)
Innate immunity: What immunological terms are in the first line (External defences)
- skin
- mucus
- sebum
- gastric juice
- salivary lysozymes
- microbiota
- dendritic
Innate immunity: What immunological terms are in the second line (localise)
- natural killer
- inflammation
- fever
- interferon
- complement
- microbiota
- dendritic
- phagocytes
Provide examples of how the patients’ skin and mucous membranes can be bypassed by microorganism :
Skin
- Injection
- Pressure Injuries
- Wounds
Provide examples of how the patients’ skin and mucous membranes can be bypassed by microorganism :
Mucus Membrane
- nasogastric tubes,
- urethrar catheter
- ileostomy
- colostomy
- PEG tube
Provide examples of how the patients’ skin and mucous membranes can be bypassed by microorganism :
Other
- antibiotics
- immunosuppressants
- steroids
Identify how nurses physically increase their first line of defence against microorganism
- Personal Protective Equipment
DefineReverse barrier nurse
Protect patient from micro-organisms of nurse
Describe the function of a pyrexia
- pathogens prefer 37
- increase body temperature inhibits pathogen reproduction, promotes interferon activity and increase rate of repair/ metabolic reactions
Describe the physiology of these classic signs of inflammation
Redness and heat
- Local vasodilation
- more blood, leukocytes and heat
Describe the physiology of these classic signs of inflammation
Swelling and pain
- blood capillaries leaky, more fluid and components into area
- compress veins, encourages fluid, debris and pathogens into lymphatics
State the role of the B lymphocytes (B cells) in the humeral immune response
Destroy extracellular pathogens
B cells: Plasma cells (release antibodies)
- Memory cells
Describe the primary humoral response:
Plasma cells and memory cells made on first exposure to antigen
Describe the secondary humoral response:
New plasma cells made from existing memory cells on second exposure to the same antigen
More lives have been saved by vaccinations than antibotics> Vaccination Is the administration of a dead or disabled (attenuated) pathogen (antigen) or production of a pathogens’ protein (via mRNA or DNA vaccine) to stimulate an immune response (immunisation)
State whether this immunisation process is an example of active or passive immunity
Active
Exposure to antigen stimulates formation of memory cells
Antibodies do not destroy antigens directly. They inactivate and tag antigens for destruction by the means. name the three main defensive mechanism initiated by antibodies
a) Neutralisation
b) Agglutination and thus precupitation
c) Complement activation
Cellular Immunity
State the roles of the T lymphocytes (T cells) in the immune response
- Destroy intracellular pathogens (foreign antigens inside our body cells) and cancer cells
Name the two main types of T cells
- cytotoxic
- helper
Describe how cytotoxic (killer T) cells destroy infected and cancerous cells
- Insert toxic chemicals
(perforins, granzymes, interferons)
Home Study:
Select and option to best match the description:
Applying a dressing to a wound is mimicking which defence stategy:
Skin
Home Study:
Select and option to best match the description:
Identified by redness, swelling, pain and heat at the site of infection
Inflammatory response
Home Study:
Select and option to best match the description:
Causes an increase in the metabolic rate which speeds up tissue repair
Fever
Home Study:
Select and option to best match the description:
Stimulates uninfected cells to produce a protective antiviral protein
Interferon
Home Study:
Select and option to best match the description:
Substances that can provoke an immune response
Antigens
Home Study:
The mucous lining of the intestine functions as a food source for the microbiota and protective layer of the immune defences (innate and adaptive). However, poor lifestyle choices compromise this mucous and facilitate the entry of microorganisms, endotoxins and undigested food into the blood via the intracellular spaces (leaky gut) In a healthy digestive tract, the columnar epithelial cells of the intestinal lining are secured together by :
A: Connective Tissue
B: Fungus
C: Desmosomes
D: Tight Junctions
D: Tight Junctions
