Week 5 - Autonomic Nervous System & Special Senses

Question 1

describe the neuron composition of the optic disc

Answer 1

area of retina where optic nerve (neuron axons) exit eye
- no photoreceptors (rods, cones), no vision

Question 2

describe the neuron composition of the fovea

Answer 2

• centre of macula
• highest concentration of cones (photoreceptors)

Question 3

nurses wear personal protective equipment and administer medications

Name the duct that connects the eye with the nasal cavity

Answer 3

nasolacrimal duct

Question 4

Explain why it is good practise to block off the nasolacrimal duct when administering eye drops

Answer 4

prevent external medication becoming an integral medication

Question 5

explain why upper respiratory tract infections often lead to problems with the middle ear

Answer 5

pathogens spread from nasopharynx to middle ear through auditory tube

Question 6

Nurses often administer intravenous antibiotics that can be ototoxic

Explain the consequence of the hair cells in the spiral organ being damaged

Answer 6

hearing loss

Question 7

The process of hearing beings when sound vibrations beat against the tympanic membrane (eardrum) Place in sequential order ( 1 to 9) the structural features through which these vibrations are transmitted. Stimulation of the hair cells of the spiral organ stimulates the cochlea branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII), culminating in an impulse to the auditory cortex of the temporal tope

Tympanic membrane
Perilymph (scala vestibule)
Stapes
Endolymph (cochlea duct)
Incus
Oval window
Malleus
Basilar membrane of spiral organ vibrates
hair cells on basilar membrane are stimulated by being pushed against the tectorial membrane

Answer 7

1 Tympanic membrane
2 Malleus
3 Incus
4 Stapes
5 Oval window
6 Perilymph (scala vestibule)
7 Endolymph (cochlea duct)
8 Basilar membrane of spiral organ vibrates
9 Hair cells on basilar membrane are stimulated by being pushed against the tectorial membrane

Question 8

1. Name the subdivision of the ANS that enables the body to manage unusual stimuli.

Answer 8

sympathetic

Question 9

List the functions of this ‘E’ division (Fight, flight or freeze) (Figure 9.17).

Answer 9

exercise
excitement
emergency
embarrassment

Question 10

2. Name the subdivision of the ANS that conserves energy, calms the body, acts more locally, and maintains daily necessary functions.

Answer 10

parasympathetic

Question 11

List the functions of this ‘D’ division (Housekeeping) (Figure 9.17).

Answer 11

• digestion
• diuresis
• defacation

Question 12

a) Taste cells in the taste buds are known as gustatory cells.

Answer 12

true

Question 13

b) Semi-circular ducts (cupula) monitor rotational movements of the head

Answer 13

true

Question 14

c) The vestibule (otoliths) is sensitive to gravity and linear acceleration

Answer 14

true

Question 15

d) The inner ear contains the ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes).

Answer 15

false

Question 16

e) The photoreceptors of the eye are known as rods and plates.

Answer 16

false

Question 17

f) The sympathetic nervous system is often referred to as the “fight or flight” system or the ‘E’ division of the ANS.

Answer 17

true

Question 18

g) The effects of the parasympathetic or ‘D’ division of the ANS are more localized and specific than the sympathetic.

Answer 18

true

Question 18

h) The sympathetic nervous system stimulates digestion.

Answer 18

false

Question 19

i) Things we see with the left eye are perceived only in the right occipital lobe.

Answer 19

false

Question 20

j) The middle ear is filled with air, but the membranous labyrinth of the

cochlea and semi-circular canals are filled with liquid (endolymph and perilymph).

Answer 20

true

Question 21

4. An adrenergic medication would mimic the sympathetic / parasympathetic nervous system.

Answer 21

sympathetic

Question 22

5. A cholinergic medication would mimic the sympathetic / parasympathetic nervous system.

Answer 22

parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 23

6. One of the control centres for sleep is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located above the hypothalamus. Nerve signals from the pass to the SCN where they are used to synchronise the body organs with the day (light) night (dark) cycle known as the rhythm.
   a) ears; thermal
   b) tongue; autonomic
   c) eyes; circadian
   d) nasal cavity; parasympathetic

Answer 23

c) eyes; circadian

Question 24

7. Globally, vitamin A, zinc and iron are the most deficient nutrients in the human diet. Vitamin A is required for normal vision (rods), epithelial cell growth and immune function. The foods listed below contain vitamin A or a precursor to this vitamin. Identify the option that contains the richest sources of vitamin A. a) Beef liver, sweet potato, carrots, mangoes, fortified cereal b) Oranges, strawberries, watermelon, broccoli, spinach, c) Tuna, chicken breast, beans, sunflower seeds d) Eggs, full fat milk, cheese and yoghurt

Answer 24

Beef liver, sweet potato, carrots, mangoes, fortified cereal

Question 25

8. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin, cobalt) functions as a cofactor for enzymes in DNA synthesis, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. For example, in the nervous system it is required for the synthesis of myelin and in the bone marrow for the maturation of erythrocytes. In the stomach, hydrochloric acid and pepsin are required to release vitamin B12 from protein-rich foods and the intrinsic factor is required to transport vitamin B12 to the small intestine for absorption. Interestingly, both vitamin B12 and folate require each other for their activation, reinforcing the need to ingest a diverse range of whole foods. Identify the option that contains the richest sources of vitamin B12. a) Kidney beans, chickpeas, soy products, peanuts, lentils b) Broccoli, spinach, peas, mushrooms, carrots, rosemary, ginger c) Brazil nuts, walnuts, pine nuts, macadamias, chestnuts, pistachios d) Meat, fish, poultry, full fat milk, cheese, yoghurt, eggs

Answer 25

d) Meat, fish, poultry, full fat milk, cheese, yoghurt, eggs