week 10 Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
how many tick species are in manitoba
A
many
2
Q
what is the difference between a male and female wood tick
A
female:
Hard scutum closer to mouth
“necklace”
Softer Leathery back
Need more blood to feed eggs
male:
Harder over entire body
Scutum over entire body
Usually more ornate
“overalls”
Don’t expand
3
Q
what is the common name for dermacentor variabilis
A
Wood tick, american dog tick
4
Q
what is the common name for Dermacentor albipictus
A
Winter tick, moose tick
5
Q
what is the common name for Ixodes scapularis
A
Blacklegged tick (deer tick)
6
Q
what are the 2 kinds of ticks
A
hard ticks
soft ticks
7
Q
what are one-host ticks? what is an example?
A
Ex.
winter/moose ticks
Spends its entire life on one host
8
Q
what are two host ticks? an example?
A
tick that spends its life on 2 hosts throughout development
Old world horse tick
9
Q
what is an example of a soft tick?
A
Spinose ear tick
Looks very different
10
Q
what are three-host ticks
A
Potentially 3 different hosts throughout development
11
Q
what are 2 examples of 3 host ticks
A
American dog ticks, blacklegged ticks
12
Q
how can you tell the difference between american dog ticks and blacklegged ticks?
A
Dog ticks are usually bigger
Blacklegged:
has black legs
female
Larger scutum
More orange on back
13
Q
are blacklegged ticks native to manitoba? when were they discovered?
A
no
first found in manitoba in 90s
14
Q
what are the 4 stages of hard tick development? how is this different than hemimetabolous insects?
A
Egg, larva, nymph, adult (male and female)
larva is before nymph
15
Q
how do hard ticks move between life stages?
A
moulting
16
Q
what is the difference between hard tick larvae and nymphs
A
Larvae
Have six legs
nymphs
Grow 4th set of legs
17
Q
what are the 2 main ways ticks find blood?
A
Run to host and bite
Ambush host (what most ticks here do)
18
Q
what is questing? Why are the front legs important?
A
a way that ticks find blood
Sit close to ground on vegetation with front legs out
front legs contain hellers organ
19
Q
what ticks practice questing?
A
Dog tick
Blacklegged tick
20
Q
what is hallers organ
A
On front legs of ticks
What they use to smell with
Can detect vibrations
Use to orient and find host
When you brush by them they grab onto host
21
Q
how can we use what we know about tick questing to help catch them?
A
Use dragging method to catch ticks
22
Q
what are the 3 main mouthparts of a tick
A
Hypostome
Chelicera
Palp
23
Q
what is the hypostome on a tick?
A
Has all the teeth
Goes inside host
Backward facing so hard to remove
On underside
Where blood goes in through
24
Q
what is the chelicera on a tick?
A
Shaft of mouth
At the tip Have little scissors that cut flesh
25
what is the palp of a tick
mouthpart that Doesn’t go into host
Used to sense surroundings
26
how do ticks mate?
Male puts mouthparts into engorged female genital opening
Looks like male feeding on female
Male puts sperm packet into female
27
what do ticks use as a copulatory plug?
Leaves mouthparts inside female as a copulatory plug
Sperm competition
28
what does the female tick do after mating
Female feeds even more
Expand quite fast quite quick
From a few milligrams to hundreds over 7 days
29
when do female ticks detach from their host? why?
Detach when host resting
Host often rests in protected area
30
how do ticks lay eggs?
Lay many eggs
Eggs come out of genital pore
mother moves them along with legs like conveyor belt as they come out
Coats eggs with wax so they don’t dry out
31
what do female ticks do after feeding when close to laying eggs?
Once done feeding, dissolve salivary glands and use them to make more eggs
32
what do tick larva do?
Hatch out of eggs
Very small
Don’t usually feed on humans
Found in clumps because hatch in clumps
Feed on blood to molt into nymph
33
what do tick nymphs do?
Very small
Needs to feed on blood to molt into adult
34
how long are ticks usually attached to their host?
7-10 days
35
what is the life cycle of winter/moose ticks
Larvae - October
Get on moose in fall
Feed as larvae and detach (stay on moose)
Molt into nymph
Feed as nymph and detach (stay on moose)
Molt into adults and feed on moose
36
how do winter/moose ticks change the behaviour of their moose host
Moose trys to rub off ticks
Removes hair
Causes moose to spend more energy than it should
37
what are ghost moose
Very white
Hair removed with lots of ticks
Estimated each tick eats 8 ml of blood
Becomes anemic
usually dies
38
what pathogens can ticks transmit?
Lyme disease
Anaplasmosis
Babesiosis
Powassan virus
Rocky mountain spotted fever
Ehrlichiosis
Q fever
Tick paralysis
39
what is the most common tick borne pathogen in manitoba
lyme disease
40
what tick do most pathogens come from in manitoba? can they come from others? why don't they?
Most come from black legged tick
Can get some from dog tick
Don’t have much of pathogen in manitoba
41
how do ticks get a pathogen
feed on host with pathogen (bacteria, virus, etc.)
42
how do ticks get lyme disease? when is it most common to transmit to humans?
When tick larvae feed on certain mouse (in fall)
Molt into nymphs in spring
Feed in summer and can transmit disease
When they transmit
Most common from april to july
43
why are black legged ticks harder to remove than dog ticks?
Long mouthparts
Put cement inside of skin to hold on host
Dog ticks put cement on top of skin so easier to remove
44
how do you remove a tick?
Check yourself often
Grasp tick firmly close to skin as possible
-Want to get close to only grab mouthparts
-With tweezers
Apply gradual steady pressure
Pull straight up in slow steady motion
45
what shouldn't you do when removing a tick?
Yank jerk or twist
Squeeze or squash
Use heated object
Use petroleum jelly
Use flammable materials
Hurt the tick
46
why shouldn't you hurt the tick when removing it?
Salivates more and can give more pathogen
47
how can you protect yourself from ticks?
Avoid tick habitat
Wear light colored clothing
Tuck in shirt and pant legs
Use repellents
DEET, icaridin
Check yourself, children and pets often
Take hot shower/bath asap after exposure
48
what is an alien species
non-native introduced species
49
what is an invasive alien species
Harmful alien species whose introduction or spread threatens the environment, economy or society including human health
50
are all alien species harful?
no, Some are now needed for essential ecosystem services
51
are native species always good in surrounding habitats?
Native species can become invasive in surrounding areas
52
what are 3 prevelent examples of invasive species that aren't generally considered invasive
Invasive cats on islands
endangered vertebrates
Invasive western honey bee (apis mellifera) colonies
Potential for large impacts on native species
Free roaming horses feral and invasive in BC
Some indigenous argue they need protection
53
what percent are non-native species expected to increase by globally by 2050
36%
54
what are 3 threats from invasive alien species
Environmental: Biodiversity and ecosystem function
economic
societal and human health
55
what percent of at risk canadian species are threatened by invasive alien species?
What percent of extinctions do invasive alien species cause?
24% of canadian species at risk threatened by invasive alien species
Globally recognized contributing cause of 54% of document extinctions
56
what does the top 16 invasive species in canada cost per year?
What does DED cost per year in manitoba and the US?
16 invasive species cost canadian economy 14-15 bil / year
DED costs manitoba 30 mil / year
100 bil / year in US
57
what is an example of societal and human health impact of invasive alien species
Invasive mosquito species can transmit dengue, yellow fever, encephalitis viruses
West nile virus
2353 cases in canada in 2007 (166 in 2023)
58
what are 3 impacts of invasive species on native species?
Hybridization between native and invasive plants affect herbivory
Change morphology, behavior or demography of natives
Impacts on Community, ecosystem, landscape and global levels
59
how can Hybridization between native and invasive species cause ploblems
affect herbivory
Can lose adaptations of native species
60
what is an example of invasive species Changing morphology, behavior or demography of natives
Dog-strangler vine (exotic) effects on milkweed and Monarch butter interactions
61
what are some routes of emigration of invasive species? is it possible to stop these?
Ships, planes, biological control, containment when travelling
So much traffic globally, impossible to stop all transmission of pests
62
what insect order contains most invasive species? why?
Hymenoptera contain the most invasive species
Small, distribute fast
63
what is the Enemy release hypothesis for how alien species become invasive and how should we respond
Invasive are free from predators and parasites in new area
Respond with classical BC
64
what is he invasive meltdown hypothesis for how alien species become invasive
Group of alien species facilitate one anothers invasion
Increases likelihood of ecological impact
Cause meltdown of ecosystem
65
what is the utilization of new niches hypothesis for why alien species become invasive and an example
No competitors
Ex. earthworms in NA
66
what are 3 reasons some alien species become invasive
Enemy release hypothesis
Invasive meltdown hypothesis
Utilization of new niches
67
what is the history of the cottony-cushion scale pest in CA and how did we respond?
Appear in CA in 1872
Almost destroy citrus industry by 1886
Vedalia lady beetle (129 - 500 individuals) introduced in 1889
By 1889 scale almost extinct in CA
68
what were the impacts of using classical BC to control the Cottony-cushion scale?
Cost 1500, save millions
Huge success
Lead to massive importation of natural enemies
Learned it Doesn’t always work
69
what is the lifecycle of the soybean aphid
Different hosts at different times of year
Overwinters on buckthorn
Gynoparae
Reproduces asexually
Oviparae
Reproduce sexually, lay eggs that overwinter
Winged ones come and go onto soybeans and reproduce
70
how did soybean aphids cause an invasion meltdown
Exotic lady beetles introduced
Predation competition led to decline of native lady beetles
Also eats other parasitoids meant to control aphids
Causes more problems trying to control soybean aphids
Home invasions in fall
Contaminant in grapes
71
how big are spongy moth egg masses
50-1000 eggs
72
what does it mena for spongy moths to polyphagous
(eat many different kinds of leaves)
Oak, poplar, birch
73
how many egg masses do we find per hectare when there are regional outbreaks of spongy moths
>1000 egg masses / ha
74
what are spongy moths susceptible to at high densities vs low densities
NPV virus
Susceptible at (high densities)
Rodents
Susceptible at (low densities)
75
what is the life cycle of a spongy moth
Egg masses in winter
Larva in may-june
Pupa in july
Adults in august-september
76
what is the history of spongy moths in NA
1869 introduced from europe by amateur entomologist in massachusetts - escaped
1889 first defoliation reports
First time something bad happened
1920 new US introduction from europe
Caused more invasive behavior
1960 second introduction in MI
77
why do spongy moths spread relatively slowly
Females from population almost flightless
78
what did we initially do to control spongy moth populations
nothing
79
what are 3 things we've done to control spongy moths
Physical ocntrol
Egg mass destruction, burlap bands for caterpillars
Spray programs
In defoliated areas since 1940s
DDT sprays of 1.2 mil ha in 1957
Synthetic broad spectrum insecticides
80
what reasearch has been done on spongy moth control
Parasites, pathogens
Btk sprays (microbial pesticide)
NPV (nuclear polyhedrosis virus)
Quarantine, inspection, monitoring
Insecticides to eradicate new areas of infestation
81
when did we first practice spongy moth control in MB
2009
82
how many US states are at risk of spongy moth invasions? how many hectares of forest?
19 US states at risk
1 million ha of forests
83
how many ash trees has emerald ash boreer killed in 7 US states and ON & QC
10s of millions
84
when did EAB arrive in winnipeg
2017
85
what are the loss rates of ash from EAB in the great lakes regions
99% within 6 years of arrival
86
is EAB native to NA
no it is an alien insect
87
what are the symptoms of an EAB atack (5)
Crown thinning/dieback
Bark splitting
Excessive woodpecker activity
Stripping bark
Trying to eat insect
Epicormic shoots
D-shaped emergence holes
88
why does an EAB attack result in epicormic shoots
crown of tree damaged so nutrients go to base of tree
89
what is the life cycle of EAB
Adult emergence
June-august
Maturation feeding on ash (2 weeks)
Mating
Eggs laid on bark (upper canopy preferred)
Larva feeding (1-2 years)
Prepupae (final winter)
Pupa (spring)
90
how far does EAB move to lay eggs
not far: 0-800m
91
what part of the tree does EAB attack
upper canopy
92
what are the consequences of EAB for a tree? why is it hard to detect?
Numerous galleries sever xylem and phloem
High densities near top of tree where larvae difficult to detect
Infestation spreads to surrounding trees before detection of first tree
93
what is the city of winnipegs EAB response name
SLAM (slow ash mortality)
94
what is the SLAM (slow ash mortality) plan
Delimiting survey around known infestations
Removal of infected and at risk public ash trees
Wood disposal, tree replacements
Injection of selected important public ash trees with insecticide
Monitoring
Green stick traps with tree volatiles and beetle pheromone
Communications, public education and support for private properties
95
what is the scientific name for the red imported fire ant
Solenopsis invicta
96
what is the distribution of the red imported fire ant? where did it originate from and what is it limited by?
Native of sub-amazonian south america
US and caribbean in 1930
Limited by arid conditions and cold temps
97
how many eggs doe sthe red impored fire ant queen lay? how many workers in their colony?
Queen produce 1500 eggs / day
Typical colony 80000 workers
Mature colony 240000 workers
98
what are red imported fire ants predators of? what other organisms populations decrease due to this?
Predators of
Insects, earthworms, vertebrates
Decrease population of ground nesting birds, small mammals, reptiles
99
why are red imported fire ants harmful to humans
Painful sting
Venom with 95% alkoids
Also bites
Affects agricultural machinery, crops, livestock
100
how much does the US spend to fight red imported fire ants? why?
US spends billions
Some places its eradicated
101
what is the scientific name and another common name for yellow crazy ants
(long legged ant)
Anoplolepis gracilipes
102
where did yellow crazy ants originate from and where did they spread
Originally from east africa
Not sure
Expanded to caribbean, indian ocean, pacific islands, SE asia, NE australia, mexico
103
what do yellow crazy ants eat
Generalist species
Predator, scavenger (grains, seed, arthropods)
104
what insects do yellow crazy ants have mutualisms with
Mutualisms with scale insect and aphids for carbs (honeydew)
105
what is the history of the yellow crazy ant on easter island and what have been the impacts
Invaded christmas island in 1933
Supercolonies in 1989
Ecosystem impacts
Yellow crazy ant on red crabs and whole ecosystem in christmas island
Made forest much more closed in
106
what are 3 characteristics of invasive species
Generalist
Fast
Huge reproduction
107
why is it hard to know whether to use classical BC?
Hard to know if indirect negative effects on native will outweigh positive effects on exotic invasive species
108
what were indirect impacts of gall flies when used as BC agents
Failed to control knapweeds
Increased deer mice (85% of diet)
Further reproduction of native plants
109
what are 3 steps in prevention of invasive species?
Early detection
Surveillance and monitoring in high risk areas
Diagnostic capabilities to recognize alien species
Rapid response
Plans and funds for control scheme to prevent establishment
Education to garner public support for control
Eradication containment and control
Physical, chemical, biological and integrated strategies, quarantine measures
110
what are the parts of a food chain
Producer (plant) → primary consumer (herbivore) → secondary consumer (omnivore) → tertiary consumer (carnivore)
111
what is the rule of 10%
Approx. 10% of energy stored from one trophic level ends up in next trophic level
Rest released as heat, waste and dead matter
112
what percent of midday sunlight intensity do plants use? is this always the case? why is this important for conservation?
Most plants utilize about 10% of full midday sunlight intensity
Oil palm plantation 0.7w / m^2
Some plants use less/more than 10%
Can’t keep everything simple when thinking about conservation
113
are food chains simple? why or why not?
Food chains aren’t simple
Tritrophic chain
Interaction mechanisms
Food chains interactions grow very big the further you zoom out
114
what are some components of an ecoysystem a food chain perspective misses?
Inefficiencies through Energy lost
Heat, death
Dung beetles storing energy
115
what is a keystone species
Species that serves a very important ecosystem service
Serves as indicator of ecosystem health
116
what is the most influential keystone species
humans
117
what are HANPP values
Human appropriation of net primary production
Energy produced and stored in planet
118
what average HANPP values do Cropland areas high in infrastructure have? What does this mean for global species?
83% and 73%
If humans take up all this consumption of energy, nothing left for other species
119
how are humans ecosystem engineers
continue using more and more habitats for our stuff
120
how early have dung beetles been around
Dung beetles already present in cretaceous period
121
What ecosystem functions/niches do dung beetles create
Utilizes waste to drive all sorts of ecosystem services
122
what is the hisory of dung beetles in australia
475 dung beetle species in australia
Marsupial dung drier than most mammals
Not used to cattle
Cattle introduced during colonization
Result in pest and disease
No plants growing because too much poop
CSIRO imported 43 dung beetle species
Dung beetles saved farms
123
how are dung beetles viewed by some counties (african)
Many countries see dung beetles as essential and very protected
124
what resources do dung beetles provide
Nematodes use dung and enhance microbiome of larva
Carry parasites on genitals
Break down soil to make more nutritious
Small mammals and birds love dung beetles
125
are dung beetles picky? how does this affect ecosysem analysis and conservation?
Dung varies in nutritional quality
Beetles attracted to particular volatiles
Some specialized use but many different types of dung useable
These links important to consider in ecosystem
a dung beetles favorite source of dung dying can cause some dung beetles to die
126
what are 2 things that may lead to dung beetle population decline
Loss of most important mammals (largest resource provider of dung) may lead to largest loss of beetle diversity/abundance
Habitat loss likely to affect long term sustainability of pops
127
what are 3 things that control dunge beetle abundance
Dung
Predation
Climate
128
are insect populations at risk? why?
we Don’t know
Don’t know How many insects
Don’t know How many species
Hard to determine changes
Don’t have long term data
129
what are 2 ways to measure insect abundance
splatometer
bird species
130
what is the splatometer
Utilizing car windshields gives estimate of insect abundance
Drive 60km/h along two roads of 1.2km and 25km
Conduct experiment for 10 yrs
Same car windshield size
131
how did the splatomeer measure insect populations between 1997 and 2006
decline by 80%
132
what percentage of insect species declined over past decade? how does this compare to vertebrates? what taxa are most at risk?
41% of insect species declined over past decade
22% of vertebrates
Especially Aquatic taxa
133
how do bird species help us measure insect populations
Birds good indicators of environmental health
Positive correlation with insects and birds
lots of long term data on bird populations
Bird abundance and feeding rate of nestlings relates to insect abundance
134
what birds in canada are declining the most
Many declines in birds that mainly feed on insects
135
what are the 2 types of bird species most at risk
Farmland (grassland) ground feeders, cold adapted species (need food all year round) most affected
136
what are 2 drivers of low populations in birds
Agricultural intensification and grassland habitat loss drivers of low population
137
what are 2 ways pollination is at risk from insect pop declines
Pollination crops value 267-657 bil at risk
Shifts in plant communities
Plants are suffering because can’t cross pollinate
britain and netherlands Insect mediated creating inbred species not very successful
138
are honey bees at risk? Does that mean pollination isn't at risk?
Honey bees not at risk but they only pollinate certain crops - need native pollinators
139
what are 2 ways pest control services are at risk of insect population declines
Conservation BC difficult to assess
Value can range for 0 to $22000 / ha in pear orchards
Save massive amounts of pesticide and crop
Benefits to human through control of human pests or prevalence of pathogen harboring organisms harder to estimate
Costs of managing malaria 12 bil
140
how much research do we have on parasitic wasp populations?
Parasitic wasps difficult to identify, harder to quantify value in ecological networks
In Many areas represent most abundant group of hymenoptera
6000/7000 species in britain
Exist at high trophic level and very specialized
Not easily to conservation plan for
141
what is he main way we get data about insect populations? what does this help us do?
Increasingly quantification of direct and indirect effects (population trends, attack rates, ecosystem services)
Giving us more insight into biodiversity trends and management decision
142
what are the insect benefits to cattle
Cattle forage fouled by dung can result in 7 kg of beef loss per head of cattle
80% of nitrogen cattle dung is los in absence of dung beetles
Cattle in pastures w/ dung beetles present suffer 18% less parasitism
Pest flies caused 2.3 bil worth of damage to cattle
143
what percent decline in insect populations was recorded in germany? was this only in one area?
82% decline over 27 yrs in 63 german nature reserves
Irrespective of habitat type or landscape configuration
Suggests large-scale factors involved
144
have we seen long term insect population declines globally? why?
Some evidence but need more research
People don’t seem to care
145
what are 6 factors that make any specific insect species suseptible to being at risk
Habitat specificity
Pop size (associated genetic diversity)
Geographic dist
Specialization (ex. diet) or symbiotic relationships
Dispersal rate
Reproductive capacity
146
what is the relationship between risk factors and threats? What are the 3 kinds of threats?
Risk factors act as lens to amplify threats
Risks and threats often confounded
Intrinsic threats
Extrinsic threats (human-caused)
Extrinsic threats (other)
147
is rarity an indicator of extinction risk
Rarity not always good indicator of extinction risk
148
what happened to Rocky mountain locust (melanoplus spretus)
Once worlds most abundant insect
Swarm sightings as large as 510000 km^2
27.5 million tons and 12.5 trillion insects
Last recorded specimen in 1902 by norman kriddle in manitoba
No conclusive cause of extinction
149
how is the sustainability of society at risk from insect loss?
Crop pollination valued at 400 bil globally
150
how many insect species are recognized at risk?
IUCN recognizes 8400 species at risk
151
how has human influence affected extinction rates
Influence of humans already driven previous species to extinction
Current rate of extinction 100-1000 times higher than natural extinction rate
152
how many insect species have gone exctinct since industrial revolution
Likely 250000 to 500000 insect gone extinct since industrial revolution
5-10% based on snail extinction rate
153
what are 10 major threats to insects
Habitat degradation
Deforestation
Agricultural intensification
Land-use change
Insecticide use
Nitrification
Invasive species
Light pollution
Elevated co2 levels
Climate change
154
what are network approaches to an ecosystem
Set of entities called nodes
Nodes connected via links
Links represent more than just resources
155
why are ecological networks big and impossible
Humans part of every ecological network
links/interactions at every level more important than we imagine
More biological data needed
156
what is redundancy in an ecological network and why is it important? Give an examle using pollinator redundancy
Make sure one organism interacts with multiple
Don’t want one species doing everything
If we lose one species, don’t want then entire network to collapse
Pollinator redundancy
Need generalist pollinators so removing one doesn’t cause collapse
