week 11 Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
what is an ectoparasite
A
Organism which spends most of its adult life in close association with habitat created by the skin and its outgrowths of mammals and birds or With hosts nest/roost
Possessing obvious adaptations to its habitat
Deriving food from its host
2
Q
what are 5 arthropod ecoparasites in canada
A
Mites, ticks, chewing lice, sucking lice, fleas
3
Q
what are the 2 most unkown ectoparasite species in canada
A
mites and chewing lice
4
Q
what are feather mites
A
Feather mites (ancyralges catharticus)
Very small
Live on feathers of birds
very hard to study
5
Q
how much research has previously been done on lice in manitoba
A
not much
6
Q
what is the scientific name for lice
A
phthiraptera
7
Q
what are the 3 suborders of lice
A
Chewing lice (amblycera and ischnocera)
Rhynchophtirina
Sucking lice (anoplura)
8
Q
are chewing lice or sucking lice more diverse? why?
A
chewing lice
diversity of habitats in bird feather
9
Q
what is special about rhynchophtirina
A
Only 3 species
Hosts
Elephants and warthogs
Live in wrinkles
10
Q
what are 7 characteristics all lice share?
A
Ectoparasites of birds/mammals
Hemimetabolous
Eggs cemented to hairs/feathers
3 juvenile instars
Wingless
Dorso-ventrally flattened
Backward-directed setae/hairs
11
Q
why do lice have Backward-directed setae/hairs
A
Allow easier motion of louse on host
12
Q
what are 3 defining characteristics of sucking lice
A
Sucking mouthparts
tarsal claws (one/leg; some large)
Blood-feeders only
13
Q
why are sucking lice claws so big
A
To maintain position on host
Grab on hairs
14
Q
what type of animals do sucking lice feed from
A
mammals only
15
Q
what are the 2 types of lice that attack humans? what type of lice are they?
A
sucking lice
Human head louse
Crab louse - also on humans
Very large tarsal hair
Big claws to hold onto coarse hair (armpit, chest, etc.)
16
Q
what are three defining characteristics of chewing lice
A
Chewing mouthparts
Tarsal claws Always small
dander/feathers and/or blood consumed
17
Q
what does the number of tarsal claws on chewing lice tell us?
A
One - mammal hosts
Two - bird hosts
18
Q
why are the tarsal claws of chewing lice always small
A
Not as important for holding onto host, use mouthparts
19
Q
what is the greatest enemy of lice? how do they overcome this threat?
A
Host is greatest enemy of lice
Need to be able to avoid host grooming
Be fast, hold onto head where host can’t reach
20
Q
why is it hard for lice to disperse (3)
A
flightless
Very dependent on host (will die quickly without)
Sometimes very host specific
21
Q
what are the 2 main types of dispersal in lice?
A
Direct contact of hosts
Indirect transfer
22
Q
what is the difference between vertical and horizontal transmission
A
vertical is from parent to child whereas horizontal is from one adult to another
23
Q
what are 4 types of direct contact of hosts that lice use to disperse?
A
Parent to offspring host (vertical)
If you have lousy parents you have lousy children
During roosting (horizontal)
Birds sit very close together
Penguin louse
During mating (horizontal)
Allogrooming (horizontal)
One animal grooming another one
24
Q
what are 2 ways of inderect transfer of lice?
A
Phoresy
Transport of one individual onto another (not parasitic)
Fomites
Inanimate materials
Combs, brushes, hats, etc.
25
what type of lice practice phoresy to disperse
chewing lice only
26
what is an example of phoresy in lice
Lice hitching a ride on a louse fly to get to another host
Can hold onto hair of house fly
Hope they end up on target host
27
why is landscape critical for lice
Adapted to specific host and specific areas on host
28
how important is lice landscape on mammals vs birds? why? what does this lead to?
On mammals
Hair doesn’t vary that much
Not much diversity of lice in mammals
Feather structure in birds
Contour feather, down, filoplume, semi-plume
Many different and more complex environments for lice
Lots of different structures
Leads to lots of diversity of lice on birds
29
where do different types of lice cement there eggs?
All chewing lice on birds cement eggs on feathers
Sucking lice always cement eggs on hair
30
how does the wildlife haven process birds for lice inspection
Birds frozen
Kills ectoparasites
Birds thawed
weighed
Then washed
Until all lice off
Filter
31
what are 2 specialized ectoparasite niches the wildlife haven has found by processing birds?
Lice and mites inside feathers
Nasal wash
Pigeon nasal mite (tinaminyssus melloi)
32
what is special about pelican pouch lice?
Inside pouch of pelican
Male
More sclaritized than female
Mate inside pouch
Have to go out of pouch to lay eggs
Males grab onto teneral females
Guard them because many males
33
what is the scientific name for pelican pouch lice
Piagetiella peralis
34
what are 5 benefits to the approach the wildlife haven takes to processing birds?
Host diversity
Host sample size
Large Geographic distribution
Total ectoparasite population
No animals sacrificed
35
what are 6 disadvantages of the approach the wildlife haven takes to process birds
Can’t control sample size of different host species
Can't control geographic distribution
Sample bias
-Animals injured and sick (maybe can’t groom)
Deficiencies in collection data
Cross contamination
Spatial distribution lost
-Don’t know where on host when you just wash them
36
what are 8 types of data collected when the wildlife have processes birds
Host species
Date
Location
Age & sex
Body weight
Species of ectoparasites
Numbers of ectoparasites (M & F)
For lice
Age structure
37
what are 3 kinds of infestation parameters
Prevalence
Mean intensity
Mean abundance
38
what is the prevalence infestation parameter
proportion of hosts infested (%)
39
what is the mean intensity infestation parameter
mean number of parasites per infested host
40
what are the two main predictions of changes in temperature resulting from climate change
Increased mean temps
Increased frequency, severity and duration of extreme temp events
41
what are the 4 main climate consequences resulting from climate change
Increased bias toward warmer than avg temp events
Increased freq, severity, duration of phenomena like droughts, heat waves
Warmer winter temp, changes in snow, ice cover duration
Changes to growing season length
-Earlier spring, later winter
42
what parts of an insect depend on temperature? What about other organisms?
Insect physiology, development, growth, size, behaviour all linked to ambient temp
Temperature is a main driver/signal for almost all organisms
43
what are the 2 main effects of changes on growing season resulting from climate change on insects?
Length of growing season
Synchrony of insect interactions with ecosystem
44
how does growing season lengths increasing affect aphids? how does this effect the system as a whole?
Allows herbivorous insects like aphids to reproduce longer
Exponentially larger population each generation
Each extra generation creates 100x more aphids
System can’t handle
45
what is the difference between univoltine, bivoltine and multivoltine?
number of generations per year
46
how does growing season length increases effect multivoltine species?
Some species (multivoltine) have more time to fit in more reproduction, foraging, etc.
47
how does growing season length increase effect insect behaviour such as range, life cycle and emergence?
Some species extend ranges and complete life cycles 2-3 weeks earlier
Some species emerge earlier or fit in second season
48
how can growing season length increase affect insect species traits? How can this effect damage / costs of pests?
Species traits (univoltine to bivoltine) can be induced via sustained temp change
More time to reproduce so instead of 1 generation, turns to 2
damage/cost of pest may double
49
what is the ideal synchrony between mutualistic relationships in species? What about predator-prey species?
In mutualistic relationship
ideal scenario involves minimal asynchrony
In predator-prey scenario
Life cycle timed to optimally exploit prey is well-synchronized
50
what natural process drives synchrony between species in nature?
evolution / natural selection
51
how does climate change effect synchrony of insects and other species? why?
Climate change drives asynchrony
Every species responds differently to climate change
52
how are mutualisms between flowers and pollinators being effected by climate change
Asynchrony from growing season lengths increasing
Bloom time of flowers is happening sooner
Bees may respond to these environmental changes differently
May not be able to pollinate as much
53
how are insects dependent on a host plants influenced by climate change? How does this affect pests
Many insect life cycles tightly synchronized with life cycle of host plants
Univoltine plant pests may have more time to multiply and feed on plants
54
do increasing temperatures influence plant and insect populations equally?
Increasing temps not necessarily influence plant and insect pops equally
Cues used to time development and onset of activity may differ
Climate trends can differ between functional groups (plants vs. insects)
Also between species within groups
55
why might butterflies be more affected by climate change than bees or hummingbirds
Ex. butterflies may be more affected than bees or hummingbirds
Asynchrony may affect fitness of adult AND larva
Optimization needs to take place for nectar and plant tissue feeding
56
how does specialization affect risk for insect species regarding climate change
The more specialized, the greater the risk
if dependencies become asynchronous
57
what are 4 types of severe weather that increase frequency from climate change
Heat waves
Droughts
Floods
Storms
58
are all insects negativelly effected by heat waves?
Not all insects equally by extreme warm temps
59
how are aphid parasitoids affected by heat waves? How did this affect aphid control?
Two species aphid parasitoids subjected to increased freq of very warm days
Had longer development times (20%)
Lead to reduced control of aphid pests
(even when avg daily temps remained same)
60
what are 4 factors that affect insect overwinter survival from climate change
Warmer mean winter temps
Changes in snow, ice cover duration
Earlier onset of spring-like conditions
Later onset of winter-like conditions
61
is the intensity of a climate change stressor the sole factor that affects insect survival?
Intensity of stressor (temp/duration) not sole factor
Frequency of stressor also important
62
how has mountain pine beetle overwintering been effected by climate change
What kills them during winter
Temps under bark below -37c
Temps below -20c in fall before beetles prepared
Temps below -20c in spring when beetles active
Warmer temps increasing their numbers and range, becoming invasive
63
how is warmer temps affecting insect overwintering habitats that are adapted to snow
less snow means less insulation and protection from predators
changing the landscape theyve adapted to
64
how has warming temperatures affected gypsy/sponge moths
Overwinter as eggs on trunks of trees
Snow cover increases insulation and limits predation by rodents
65
how has climate change effected gragonfly/damselfy distribution in britain
they are adapted to cold temperatures
moving north for colder temps
66
how is climate change effecting warm vs cold adapted buterfly species distributions in NA
Range expansion
Warm adapted butterfly species in NA and europe increasing ranges northward to higher elevations
Range contractions
Cold adapted butterfly species experiencing range contractions in latitude and elevation
67
how has climate change effected spongy/gypsy moth distributions in NA? what other factors have impacted this?
spongy/Gypsy moth expansion
Climate only one factor
Resources, habitat suitability and connectivity also influence expansion
68
how are bees predicted to change distributions due to climate change in NA?
Bees may utilize canada as climate refuge
If it gets too warm in the US
69
how has climate change effected reproduction of great tits (parus major)
Warmer springs lead to mistimed reproduction
Main selection pressure on timing of reproduction is synchrony between offspring requirements and food availability
cues to initiate reproduction no longer reliable due to climate change
70
what are the 5 properties of water
density
buoyancy
viscosity
surface tension
dielectric constant
71
how does water density change with temperature and why is it relevant for insects
Greatest density at 4 degrees
Sinks
When frozen
Density crashes
Ice floats
If it didn’t, lakes would freeze from bottom up and not much would survive
72
what is water buoyancy and why is it relevent for insects
Force that acts opposite of gravity
Allows organisms to be suspended in water
73
what is water viscosity and why is it important for insects
Thickness
Water has high viscosity
Why so many aquatic insects are streamline
Move through water better
74
what is water surface tension and why is it important for insects
High surface tension of water
Hydrogen bonds of water strong
Many insects exist above of the surface tension
Move around on surface tension
Mosquito larvae break through surface tension and take in oxygen
75
what is water dielectric constant and why is it important for insects
high dielectric constant
Allows water to have high capacity to mix with stuff
contaminants
76
what is the main reason for waters unique properties
Arrangement of atoms in water molecule create these properties
Hydrogen atoms on one side
77
why are water properties important for aquatic insect
Insects that live on water entirely dependent on physical properties of water
78
how can insects specialize in running water
Hold onto rocks at bottom
Wate for food to come along
79
what is the blue-tail fly(tabanus atratus)
Horse fly
Come from aquatic ecosystem
Important pest
80
what are canaries in the coal mine
The canary is particularly sensitive to toxic gases (eg. carbon monoxide) which is colourless, odourless, tasteless
Used in mining system
81
what are 6 reasons Understanding insects in water can tell us a lot about water quality
Great diversity of aquatic species
May have wide distribution
Often very abundant
Range in environmental tolerance and Sensitivity
Consistent, predictable response
Duration of exposure
82
how does diversity of aquatic species make them better indicators of water health
Many to choose from
83
how does wide distribution of aquatic species make them better indicators of water health
If you find insect that tells you about water quality and has wide distribution, can use it a lot of places
84
how does abundance of aquatic species make them better indicators of water health
Allows you to see changes in populations more
85
how does range of environmental tolerance and sensitiviy of aquatic species make them better indicators of water health
If sensitive ones are gone, and more tolerant ones, you know something bad happened in water
86
how does Consistent, predictable response of aquatic species make them better indicators of water health
Allows you to use more reliably
87
how does Duration of exposure of aquatic species to water make them better indicators of water health
Many exposed to water during entire juvenile development
Can’t move to place with less contamination
As opposed to birds or mammals
88
what is the difference between the western and easern basin in lake eerie
Western basin
Quite shallow
Eastern basic
Much deeper
89
what was a big problem in lake eerie in the 50s and 60s
Phosphate detergents
No sewage treatment
All going into the lake
Many nutrients
Created lots of algae
Made beaches almost unusable
90
what did governments do to combat the algae problem in lake eerie in the 60s? what did he freshwater institute do in response
Governments didn’t want to make changes
Too much money being made
Freshwater institute in winnipeg
Designed whole lake experiments
Split lake 227 in half with net
Dumped phosphates in one half
Caused tons of algae in that half
Proof to govt
91
how was the public made more aware of environmental damage in the 50s and 60s (2)
Rachel carson - “silent spring”
Published book about pollution was causing biomaginification
People becoming more award
Minamata disease
Caused by mercury in human
Environmental impacts cause
92
what is the lifecycle of The burrowing mayfly (hexagenia spp.)
Subimago emerges from water
Molts into imago
Can reproduce
Mates
Floats down onto river, caught by surface tension and lays all eggs
Eggs go to bottom of lake
Larva hatch and burrow into mud at bottom of lake
Create tunnels to get water over gills
93
how did the number of mayflies change from 1930 to 1961 in lake eerie
Everything increased in numbers
Segmented worms, midge larvae, fingernail clams, snail
Hexagenia decreased a lot
No more hexagenia swarms emerging from lake
94
why did the numbers of hexagenia decrease so much in the 60s
Result of all the algae production
In fall when it died, sunk to bottom at lake
Used all oxygen so anything sensitive to oxygen died out
95
how did the numbers of hexeginia in the 90s change? why?
Reduction of phosphate detergents in 90s
Hexegiania started to come back
96
what order is Chironomidae (midges in canada)
diptera
97
how many Chironomidae (midges in canada) species
Estimated 800-1000 species
98
why did the numbers of chrimonomidae increase in the 60s
Can tolerate low oxygen
algae death created low-oxygen envirnment
99
how do Chironomidae mate?
Males Form massive swarms
Female flies in and males mate with her
100
what are some characteristics of chironomidae larva
Burrow into bottom of lake
-Vertical burrows
Sturdy head capsule
-stays preserved over time
Soft body
101
how did scientists figure out if chironomidae larva changed over time?
Got core from bottom of lake
Split cores into 1cm slices
Looked at the midges preserved in slices of core
Dated each slice of core
102
how have chironomidae larva changed over time in lakes
Found deformities in antenna in more recent segements
103
why are more recent chironomidae larva having more deformities?
contaminated sites contained more deformities than uncontaminated
More contaminates in sediment correlated with more deformities
104
what contaminate is causing deformities in chironomidae larva?
many contaminates in water bodies, it could be any one or any combination of contaminates responsible
