week 12 Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
what are 3 words to describe aphid life cycles
A
short, complcated, brutal
2
Q
what order are aphids in? what did they used to be in
A
hemiptera
Used to be in order homoptera
Put all homoptera with hemiptera couple years ago
3
Q
what is the meaning of the name hemiptera? why? Does this apply to aphids?
A
hemiptera (hemi = half, ptera = wings)
the front pair is leathery at the base and membranous at the tip, forming “half wings” called hemelytra, while the hind wings are entirely membranous
But aphids only have membranous wings
4
Q
what developmental patern do aphids have
A
Hemimetabolous
No pupa stage
Go from juvenile to adult in one mol
5
Q
what kind of mouthparts do aphids have? where do they go?
A
sucking
Go into transport tissue of plant
6
Q
what do aphids feed on? what are they limited by and how does this affect their digestive tract?
A
Feeds on plant sap
Mostly water, some sugar
Very low levels of nitrogen molecules
Limiting factor
Needs to process huge amount of sap to get enough nitrogen to reproduce and develop
Produces tons of honeydew that comes out of anus
7
Q
how do aphids reproductive tract work
A
Two ovaries
Each has 7 ovarios
Young develop in ovarios and pop out of oviduct
8
Q
what is insect labrum vs labium
A
upper vs lower lip
9
Q
what are insect mandibles
A
Large, heavy, toothlike
Move back and forth
10
Q
what are insect maxilla
A
longer and Move back and forth with mandibles
11
Q
what are insect palps used for
A
Used to handle food
12
Q
how is the aphid labium special
A
Quite modified
Segmented down the middle
Called rostrum
13
Q
what are the 2 kinds of aphid stylets
A
Maxillary stylets
Mandibular stylets
14
Q
what are maxillary vs mandibular stylets in aphids
A
Maxillary stylets
Modified maxillie
In middle
Opening in middle to take sap down mouthparts
Mandibular stylets
Modified mandibles
On outside
15
Q
how many documented aphid species in manitoba in 1991
A
324
16
Q
what is special about the wooly alder aphid
A
White and fluffy
Wax secreted all over body
Protect from dehydration and predators
17
Q
how many aphid species worldwide
A
3000
18
Q
what does viviparous mean
A
(vivi = live, parous = birth)
19
Q
how do aphids reproduce in spring and summer
A
Parthenogenetic
All females
Asexual
Mitosis
All Cell division to make baby aphid
2n chromosomes
All clones
Viviparous (vivi = live, parous = birth)
Not cold-hardyh
20
Q
how do aphids reproduce in fall and winter
A
Sexually produced eggs
Meiosis
N chromosomes
Cold hardy
21
Q
what are autecious vs heteroecious aphids
A
Single-host annually (autoecious)
Can get around entire year on one plant species
Two-hosts annually (heteroecious (hetero = varied, ecious = home)
Spring
22
Q
what is the life cycle of autoecious aphids at different seasons
A
Spring
Emerge and develop into adult (4 larval stages)
Feed on host
All are wingless
Summer
If plant damaged or too crowded
Some produce wings and spread to different plant
Do cycle however long summer lasts
Reproduce asexually
Autumn
Due to shorter day lengths
Start to produce males and females that will mate sexually and produce eggs
Winter
Overwinter in eggs
23
Q
what is the life cycle of heteroecous aphids in different seasons
A
Spring
Hatch, few generations
After a certain amount of time
Produce individuals with wings
Find herbaceous host
Summer
Feed on herbaceous hosts
Produce wing forms to fly to better host plants
Produce non-winged individuals
Autumn
Due to shortening days, produces individuals with wings (males and females)
Won’t feed on herbaceous host
Looks for woody host
Produces generation of non-winged individuals that can make eggs
Lay eggs close to buds
When bud breaks, egg hatchs
Baby doesn’t have to walk very far to feed
winter
overwinter in eggs
24
Q
what are the 2 types of hosts heteroecous aphids have
A
Primary host
Woody
Host alive year round (ex. tree)
Secondary hosts
Herbaceous
No living tissue above ground through winter
25
what are holocyclic vs aholocyclic aphids
holocyclic: switch between sexual and asexual reproduction
aholocyclic: no sexual reproduction
26
where do aphids evolve to be anholocyclic
warmer climates
don't need to overwinter
27
what were the 3 stages of evolution in aphids? Why did they evolve from one stage to the next?
Original aphids
On woody hosts and autoecious
Problem
In summer time, very little nitrogenous material in sap (woody not very active)
Reproduction slows down
Next heteroecious
Some aphids found herbaceous host
Much more activity and more nutritious sap
Could produce more
Next
Stopped going back to woody host
Just layed eggs on soil by herbaceous host
28
what are 6 factors that stimulate wing production in aphids
Time interval
Crowding
Host deterioration
Predators
Photoperiod (& temp)
Maleness
29
how does crowding stimulate wing production in aphids
When antenna bump onto something, sends signal to brain to change hormones in hemolymph
30
what is the host plant of Uroleucon rudbeckiae aphid
Host plant tall coneflower (rudbeckia laciniata)
31
what is the life cycle of Uroleucon rudbeckiae
Autecous life cycle
Eggs found on ground near host
Host plant not as good mid summer
Plant only doing photosynthesis
After mating
Walks onto grown below plant
Lays eggs
32
at 20c, how long do aphids take to develop? once they're adults how many young do they produce per day and for how long?
8-10 days
Birth - adulthood
Adults produce 10 young/ day
For 10 days
33
what is telescoping of generations? what does it enable?
= parthenogenesis + live birth
In adult
Embryos inside
Embryos have embryos developing inside
Enables high reproductive capacity
34
how does the number of aphids change from end of may to end of august? how much do they multiply? how much biomass?
Each generation multiplies by factor of 100
End of may: 1
End of june: 100
Mid july: 10000
End of july: 1000000
Mid august: 100 000 000
End of august: 10 000 000 000
From end of may with 1 aphid to end of august
10 billion aphids
50 tonnes biomass
35
what are 11 predators of aphids
Lady beetle
Hoverfly
Midge larva
Green lacewing larva
Brown lacewing
Parasitoid wasp
Predatory wasp
Mite
Spider
Bird
Moose
36
how do lady beetles eat aphids
Adult, pupa, egg laid nearby aphids, larva feeds
37
what are hoverflies and how do they eat aphids
Adult looks like wasp,
Feeds on honeydew
Egg laid nearby, larva feeds
38
how do green lacewings eat aphids
Adult doesn’t eat, larva sucks juices out of aphid
39
how can you tell if parasitoid wasp affecting aphid
aphid changes color
40
what is forensic entomology
Any example where evidence of an entomological nature is presented in a case of law
41
what is the case of the moth-riddled carpet in forensic entomology
Woman found clothes moths in her carpet
Going to sue store that sold carpet
Carpet was synthetic doesn’t make sense
Turns out moths were from tapestry made of wool from south
42
what is the case of the imported cannibis in forensic entomology
Bales of cannabis seized in auckland, NZ
3 suspects arrested
Needed proof of importation to support charges
Entomologists sort through dope for insects
43
what evidence was found in the case of the imported cannabis
6 orders, 25 families of extraneous insect material
None of species known to occur in NZ
2 species of beetles particular interest
Distribution of 2 beetles overlapped in thailand
44
what is the first known case of forensic entomology
The case of the contaminated sickle
45
what is the case of the contaminated sickle
Chinese investigator cited in “the washing away of wrongs”
Sing tzu - 1235
Man died by sickle attack
All men in town layed down their sickles
Flies went to sickle of many who murdered
46
what describles the nature of a scavengers resource? why? How do insects adapt to this?
Patchy
Very hard to find resources (dead animals)
So have very sensitive receptacle to detect resources
47
what are 3 ways that a scavengers resource can change and vary
Quantity
May be a large mammal or small bird
Quality
Some are attracted to different resources
Time
The resource changes over time
48
what is the most important insect in determining time of death in forensic investigations
blowflies
49
how do adult blowflies eat?
Can’t chew of food
Regurgitate and suck up
50
what is myiasis? what insect is one of the main causes?
Invasion of tissues of a living vertebrate by fly larvae
blowflies
51
what is Facultative cutaneous myiasis
skin infestation where fly larvae (maggots) opportunistically colonize pre-existing wounds or skin lesions, rather than requiring living tissue to complete their life cycle
52
how can myiasis be used for good
Can also sterilize wounds
Take sterilized blowfly eggs and induce myiasis in humans to fight infection
53
what is one major assumption that has to be true so insects can be used as reliable indicators for time of death in a court case
Arthropods exhibit a clear, consistent pattern of succession in colonization of an organic matter resource, related to the process of decay and decomposition
54
why is it hard to know if an arthropod will exhibit a clear, consistent pattern of succession in colonization of an organic matter resource, related to the process of decay and decomposition
Different decomposers respond differently as the resource changes
55
what are the two main insect decomposers
flies and beetles
56
how many types of fly and beetle decomposers are there? Do they all do the same thing?
very large community of decomposers
Each species plays a different part in decomposition
57
what is special about Phorids (scuttle flies, coffin flies) as decomposers
Can penetrate below surface and invade coffins
58
what is special about skin and hide beetles as decomposers
Very late in decomposition process during skeletal stage
59
what is special about Sap beetles (“beer beetles”) as decomposers
Attracted to decompositioning plant sap found in beer
60
how much do we know about mites as decomposers
know they're important
Nobody knows how much they’re involved
61
what are the 5 stages of decay
Fresh
Bloat
Decay - also called wet decay
Post-decay - when body starts to dry out
Skeletal
62
why do animals bloat when decaying
Filled with gas generated from fungi and bacteria
63
what are the 4 characteristics of most homocides in manitoba
Adult
Knife
Fully clothed
Outside
64
what experiments did scientists in mb do to verify the major assumption needed to use insects in forensics?
Dressed up pig to mimic homicide characteristics
Pitfall traps around pig to estimate number of maggots moving away from body to pupate
65
what happens within 30 minutes of a dead body
Blow flies all over pig
Assembly
66
what happens 1 day after animal death
Flies mostly all gone
Eggs laid inside cavities of pig
invasion
67
what happens by day 9 of animal death
Decay
Maggos feeding inside body
68
what happens by day 14 of animal death? How have maggots developed
Exodus
Temperatures become so high inside body, they have to go in and out to cool down
Mature blow fly larva
Maggots start to leave
69
what are the characteristics of blow fly larva
Fly larvae have mouth hooks and spiracles
No eyes or ears
70
what happens 27 days after animal death
puparia
71
what do blowfly larvae pupate in? How does this help identify them?
Inside exoskeleton of last instar larvae (3rd)
Can identify species of blowfly by left behind puparium
72
how do blowfly larvae emerge from puparium? what else do they use this for?
Specialized organ called ptilinum
Increase pressure in hemolymph so ptilinum extends outside face and breaks through puparia
Can also use to dig out of soil
After used, hardens and never used again
73
what happens 29 days after animal death
Newly emerged adults
May go back to body if its wet
Don’t lay eggs
74
what happens 135 days after animal death? what insects does this attract?
Advanced decay
Bacteria break down fat inside dead animal to produce cheese-like substance
Cheese skippers like and lay eggs
Also attracted to stinky cheese
If you eat, they survive a while inside stomach
75
what happens 156 days after animal death
dry remains
76
what are 7 factors affection succession and determination of post-mortem interval
Temp
location
season
rainfall/humidity
exposure
vertebrate activity
drugs
77
what is the most important factor affection determination of PMI? why?
temp
Need to know temp of homicide victim
Know we can produce a developmental model of species at different temperatures
The colder, the longer to develop
If too hot, take longer to develop
78
how does location affection determination of PMI
Some species only found in certain areas
79
how does season affect determination of PMI
No insect activity in too cold temps
80
how does rainfall/humidity affect determination of PMI
Can effect transition from wet decay to dry decay
81
how does exposure affect determination of PMI
In sun, in shade
If found in bush, may have been kept somewhere else (in car) for number of days
82
how does vertebrate activity affect determination of PMI
can rip up body and make it look different
83
how do drugs affect determination of PMI
If homicide victim high on a drug, decomposers can develop faster or slower
84
what is cultural entomolgy? why is it important?
Examines the influence of insects on human societies
Insects very important part of our lives but we don’t notice
85
what are 3 ways insects influence human societies
Impact on crops
Disease transmission
Products they create
86
what are 4 ways we see insects in society
Historical events
Wars, plagues, discoveries
Symbolism
Religious, political, literary/language
Visual and decorative arts
Paintings, jewelry, tattoos, fabric, sculptures
Entertainment
Sports, movies, music
87
how did insects impact the bible
Manna thought to be crystalized honeydew from aphids
Plagues in bible
88
how did insects impact napolians invasion of russia
Lice on napoleon's army
They were dirty and lice transmitted disease
89
what is bombyx mori
silk moth
90
what is the legend of the silk road
Empress hsi-ling shih (2640 bc) drinking under mulberry tree
Cocoon fell into her cup and found thread of nice texture
She discovered way to rear silkworms, reel silk, use to make nice clothes
91
what is the outcome chinese learning silk production
Secret of silk production created commercial monopoly and was guarded by chinese for centuries
Led to creation of world's longest highway in 139 bc (silk road)
92
how do you make silk
Silk seeds (eggs) put on mulberry leaves
Larvae spin cocoon from single strand of silk
Boil cocoon to separate thread
Remove sericin to get fibre
Spin single strand 300-900 m long
2 fibroin filaments cemented together by sericin
93
how long is a single strand of silk produced by bombyx mori to make its caccoon
300-900m
94
what is the oldest drawing of an insect
15000 yrs ago Cave cricket in france on bison bone
95
how was the scarab beetle viewed by anient egyptions
Very important symbol to ancient egyptians
Associated with gods
96
what were 3 characteristics of the scarab beetle that made it important to egyptions?
Morphology
Spines look like sun rays
Warrior appearance
Behaviour
Rolling dung imitates movement of sun
28 days to develop like moon
Metamorphosis
Life Emergence from nothing (dung)
Autogenesis and renewal
97
how were insects an important symbol to the navajo
Creation myth
cicadas/locusts serve as scouts/guides
Made people go from one world to next
98
how were insects an important symbol to the hobi
Kachinas (spirit beings)
Humpbacked flute players (maahu = cicada) led people into 4th world
Cicadas make sounds that sound like instrument
Spiritual messengers for hopi people
99
what do butterflies often symbolize
Resurrection
Souls and spirit
100
how were bees an important symbol to napoleon
Symbol of republic with a chief with a sting but producing honey
Good with people but also fearce
101
why were bees often represented on ancient coins
“Industry has its sure rewards”
Bees associated with hard work and riches
Depicted on old coins
102
what are fireflies often symbols of
Souls of the newly departed
Metaphor for very passionate love
103
what can lady beetles symbolize
Luck: the redder the better
104
what are 4 things flies often represent in paintings
Shortness of life, decay, sin, corruption
105
what did flies often indicate in 15th century paintings?
Flies indicate someone dead
Added after painting of someone died
106
what is trompe l'oeil in paintings and how does it relate to insects
Trompe l'oeil (trick they eye)
showing talent of artist
Paint a fly super realistic so people try to hit it
107
what century was the peak of insects in art? why?
Peak of insects in art in 17th century
Still life with insects
Most orders represented
Huge variety and diversity of insects
108
why has there been a resurgence of insects in 20th century art?
Resurgence of insects in 20th century w/ surrealism
Often with essential parts missing
Often represent humans
109
how are insects depicted in different areas in art?
In different areas, different insects depicted
In asia
More mantids, cicadas
110
why are insects often used in jewelry/body art
Aesthetically pleasing
Distinctive shapes
Symmetry
111
how are caddisfly larva used in jewelry?
Create little cses around them using stuff around them to protect themselves
If put in water with gold and jewels
Make cases with gold and jewlery
112
what is cochineal dye? what is it used in
Red dye
Derived from dried bodies of female cochineal insects
Pigment in starbucks drinks, soldier unitforms
113
what is an example of someone "painting" with insects
Jan fabre, royal palace in brussels
Ceiling completely done in buprestid beetle larva)
114
what are the top five insect orders used in art and media
1. Hymentomoptera
2. Lepidera
3. Heminoptera
4. Diptera
5. cleoptera
115
what are 3 ways insects are used as entertainment in sports
Cricket fighting (china) & Beetle fighting (thailand/japan)
Taking advantage of male behavior to fight other males off
Fly fishing
Based on aquatic insects available for fish
Lures we make mimic the insects
Can make very effective lure depending on most abundant insects at different times of year
Kung fu
Praying mantis style
116
what are 3 ways insects have been used in entertainment
sports
movies
music
117
what is the problem with the mosquito they show in the old/new jurassic park?
Male mosquito in amber
Males don’t feed
Toxrhynchites (moquito genus)
Larvae aquatic predators
None of them feed on blood
New jp
Show cranefly
118
is it possible old male mosquitos fed on blood?
Earliest fossil mosquito
Lower cretaceous amber from lebanon
New male mosquito w/ well-developed, denticulate and hematophagous-type mouthpart
Looks like was feeding on blood
Possible male mosquitoes fed on blood
119
what are the 3 most common insect orders in music artist, album, track names
1. Hymenoptera
2. Lepidoptera
3. Diptera
120
what are the 3 most common insect orders in music cover art
1. Lepidoptera
2. Hymenoptera
3. Coleoptera
121
how do we influence the insect world through naming of insects
Scaptia beyonceae horse fly named after beyonce
Butt of fly same as shiny gold but of dress beyonce wore
122
how do insects influence our language
Nit-picker; nitwit
Lice glued to hair need to pickout lice
Waspish; lousy (full of lice)
Busy bee; beeline for something
Bees work
To beetle away; beetle brain
Butterflies in you stomach; ants in your pants
Lots of language uses insects
