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Entm 1000 midterm 3 > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

what is needed for sexual reproduction in insects

A

Mature male and female
Same time and place
Some kind of physical connection

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2
Q

why do you usually need physical connection for reproduction in insects

A

Don’t fertilize eggs after they’re laid

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3
Q

what does oviparous mean? are insects always oviparous?

A

lay eggs

insects usually oviparous with some exceptions (ex. aphids)

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4
Q

what are 4 things males are responsible for in sexual reproduction

A

Produce sperm
-Male gametes

Deliver sperm
-Direct or indirect

Produce seminal fluid
-Helps to keep sperm alive and easy transfer

Induce females for oviposition
-Induce female to produce and lay eggs

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5
Q

what are 3 reproductive parts in male insects

A

paired testes
accessory gland
intromittent organ

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6
Q

what do testes do

A

produce sperm

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7
Q

what do accessory glands do

A

Where most of seminal fluid coming from
Like prostate in humans

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8
Q

what is the intromittent organ

A

Goes into something (female)
Penis or aedeagus in insects

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9
Q

what are 6 things females are responsible for in reproduction of insects?

A

Produce eggs
-Female gametes

store eggs

Provide nutrients for embryonic development

Receive and store sperm

site of fertilization

deposit eggs

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10
Q

why do female insects often need more food than males

A

Provide nutrients for embryonic development

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11
Q

why are female insects oftne larger than males

A

bigger abdomen to hold eggs

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12
Q

what are 3 of the female reproductive parts

A

Paired ovaries
Spermatheca
Genital chamber

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13
Q

what are ovaries used for

A

storing/producing eggs

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14
Q

what is the spermethica for? why it useful?

A

store sperm
Female can mate once and fertilize eggs with stored sperm

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15
Q

what is the genital chamber for in female insects

A

Where intromittent organ goes (where penis goes)

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16
Q

what are some ways insects attract good candidates for mating (courting strategies) (10)

A

Swarms
Smells
Songs
Gifts
Sperm displacement
Copulatory plugs
Mate guarding
Cannibalism
Pedogenesis
Parental care

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17
Q

what is swarming in insects? why is it useful? How are swarming sites identified?

A

Sites identified by visual markers
Ex. sunny spot on fence, hill, garbage can
Males come out and all go to one spot
Females see swarm and go to swarm to get mate
Grouping together makes it easier to find mated

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18
Q

how do insects use “perfume” has a courting strategy?

A

Sexual pheromones
Female insects release pheromones to indicate they are ready for mating

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19
Q

why does the male luna moth have much larger antenna than the female

A

So they can detect and fly towards pheromones
Specific blend of molecules

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20
Q

how do insects use sound to attract mates

A

Stridulation
-Friction of 2 body parts to make noise

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21
Q

how do crickets attract females

A

Crickets have stridulatory file on wings
Ribbed
Rub wings together to make sound
Attracts females

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22
Q

why are water boatmen special? what mating strategy are they an example of?

A

0.05mm
Rub penis on abdomen
Loudest animal on planet compared to size
As loud as motorcycle
100 decibels

example of stridulation

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23
Q

what do insects use as gifts for mating? why do they do this?

A

give a prey item to female

while female is eating male mates

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24
Q

why do insects wrap their gifts? what does this give way for?

A

Female has to unwrap and so male can mate longer

Trickery and deceit
Wrap gift with nothing inside
Allows you to mate without having to get gift

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25
what kind of gift do katydids give when mating
Transfer Spermatophore (contains sperm) + spermatophylax (sperm-free)
26
what is the spermatophylax used for in katydid reproduction (2)
Female eats spermatophylax The bigger it is, longer it takes female to eat and more sperm can be transferred Serves as copulatory plug No other male can mate right away
27
how do dameslflies practice sperm competition when mating?
Male damselflies clean out sperm from previous male Hold on to females to prevent female from mating with others
28
what are claspers in insect reproduction?
Males have claspers at end of abdomen to hold on to female
29
how do silverfish practice bondage in reproduction? What sperm transfer type is this?
Create net for females to get caught in Female has to take spermatophore Indirect transfer
30
how do bed bug males practice traumatic insemination when mating?
Stab females in belly with sharp penises Prefer virgins and avoid females with stabbing scars
31
what is the spermalege in bed bug females
Specialized female organ Gets sperm to ovary Lots of immune tissue to heal stab wounds
32
what is mutilation in insect mating?
Where one of the partners (usually male) loses some parts while mating
33
how are crickets mutilated while mating
Females feed on male hindwings
34
why is male honey bee mating sexual suicide? why is this beneficial for the male?
Explosive force of ejaculation ruptures his penis and penis and associated organs ripped from his body - kills him Abdomen of male serves as copulatory plug Sperm has time to transfer and other males can’t mate for a while
35
how are preying manti femmes fatales? are all of them like this? Why are some like this?
Male gets eaten by female Fairly rare except one species When male get head chopped off, male mates better
36
how are fireflies femmes fatales in mating
Species specific signals for mating Some other fireflies flash other species signal -Attacks species for food
37
what is interesting about the micromalthus debilis life cycle?
Larvae give birth to live cloned larvae Sometimes larvae has male egg Male larvae eat their mother from inside out to become adults
38
what 2 non-social insects practice parental care and how?
Giant water bug Female lays eggs on back of male for protection Earwig For short time moves eggs around and takes care of larvae
39
how do some plants practice sexual mimicry
Some plants mimic females to get pollinators Plants sexually exploit male insects
40
why do some flies practice necrophilia when mating?
Fungus mimics sexual pheromone of flies Fly dies and fungus grows to mimic that smell Then fly tries to mate and gets infected Males mate with dead body
41
what is parthenogenesis
asexual reproduction
42
what is vector ecology
How insects (or other vectors) transmit disease
43
what are the 3 players in vector ecology and their roles
Pathogen Causative agent of disease Host Living organism that parasite obtains nutrition Where pathogen grows Vector Organism that transmits pathogen
44
what are some examples of pathogens
Virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, etc.
45
what are some examples of hosts in vector ecology
Plant or animal
46
what are some examples of insect vectors
Aphid, mosquito, flea, tick, etc.
46
what are the 2 things needed for a vector disease outbreak to occur
Need pathogen, host and vector all in same place Need them all to be in the same environment
47
how do insects generally transmit pathogens to hosts? what are the two most common types of transmission?
Usually through feeding (on plants or animals) Mechanical transmission Biological transmission
47
is the plague eradicated?
no Still Cases all over world Always a few cases in southwestern US states
48
what kind of transmission of pathogens do aphids exibit? how does this happen?
mechanical transmission Mouthparts get into plant to feed If virus circulating in plant sap, their mouthparts get contaminated Virus sticks to mouthparts When aphid feeds on another plant, virus goes into other plant
49
what is mechanical transmission of pathogens?
Simple transfer of pathogen from one place to another Insect sticks piercing mouthparts into us to transfer disease A Flying needle that goes around poking things
50
how can house flies cause e-coli? What type of transmission is this?
through mechanical transmission of pathogens flies feed on poop and then feed on your food
50
what kind of transmission of vectors of disease do house flies exibit? how does this happen
mechanical transmission Spongy Mouthparts (labellum) and foot (tarsus) of house fly Lots of places bacteria can be Inside grooves of sponge Hairs on foot
51
what is biological transmission of pathogens?
Multiplication, reproduction and/or development of pathogen in vector (insect)
52
what is the extrinsic incubation period? What type of pathogen transmission is it relevant for?
Time it takes From infective blood meal of vector to transmission of pathogens in biological transmission. Time for reproductive development of pathogen Reproduction needs time
53
give an example of the extrinsic incubation period using a mosquito and how the detection of the pathogen on the mosquito changes over time.
For very short time can detect virus on mouthparts Then can’t detect virus Then as virus replicates, more detection including salivary gland Then it can transmit
54
what type of transmission of pathogens does the plague exibit? why?
biological transmission Pathogen multiplies in the vector
55
what pathogen is responsible for the plague? what does it look like?
Bacteria, yersinia pestis Rounded ends Rod-shaped Gram negative
56
what is the vector of the plague
Flea (oriental rat flea) xenopsylla cheopis
57
what is the host of the plague
Rodents (wild or domestic), humans
58
what are the 2 types of the plague and their differences?
Bubonic plague transmits from vector to person Pneumonic plague Transmits from person to person
59
what is the difference between the sylvatic cycle and urban cycle of the bubonic plague?
Sylvatic cycle Wild rodents and fleas transmit disease to each other and human through direct contact Urban cycle Domestic rodents and fleas transmit disease to each other and human through direct contact
60
what type of plague is the most deadly? why?
Pneumonic plague Lots of people die because don’t need vector
61
how do fleas transmit the bubonic plague (describe the steps)
when fleas feed on transmitted blood Bacteria sticks to proventriculus and multiplies Flea tries to feed again Can’t feed because bacteria blocking Fleas starving and Every time it bites, blood and bacteria is regurgitated
62
why doesn't the bubonic plague pathogen multiply well in rats?
rats are too warm compared to fleas
63
what type of transmission does malaria exhibit? why?
biological transmission Pathogen develops, mates and multiplies inside vector
64
what pathogen is responsible for malaria
Protozoa, Plasmodium sp.
65
what vector is responsible for malaria? what type of malaria specificallY?
Mosquito, Anopheles sp. (for human malaria)
66
what is the main host of malaria
Human (not only host)
67
how many people does malaria kill per year
500 000
68
how old are most people infected with malaria
under 15 yrs old
69
what is a zygote
floating egg
70
what are sporozoites
little seeds that can move inside a mosquito from the malaria pathogen
71
what happens inside a mosquito when it is infected with the malaria pathogen (protozoa, Plasmodium) (5)
Male and female plasmodium reproductive cells change form and unite to form zygote Zygote goes through mosquito midgut to form oocyst (egg cyst) Cyst multiplies and bursts to form Sporozoites Sporozoites migrate and invade salivary glands Sporozoites injected when mosquito feeds on human
72
what are the 3 great plague epidemics
Justinian plague Black death Third pandemic
73
what was the justinian plague and how many people died?
6th century 100 million dead
74
what was the Black death and how many people died?
1347-1351 17-28 million dead 30-40% of population
75
what was the Third pandemic and how many people died?
1885-1900+ 12 million dead in china and india
76
after which pandemic did we figure out how the plague spread? When was this?
after the third pandemic late 1800s early 1900s
77
when did we figure out what bacteria agent the plague was caused by?
1894
78
what was one of the major challenges studying the bacteria that caused the plague?
Cannot fulfill Koch’s postulate Isolate agent culture/purify agent Make sure its only thing you have Inoculate uninfected host Re-isolate agent
79
how did someone realize fleas were the vector of the plague? (3)
Found Bubonic on ankle Thought it looked like bites Read paper from 20 years earlier Filariasis Figured out transmission was by mosquitoes 10 years later Figured out plague transmitted by fleas by experiments
80
what are 5 factors influencing transmission of disease?
Host location ability Host preference Feeding mechanism Vector susceptibility Environment
81
what are 5 ways vectors locate hosts
Plant volatiles Breath volatile Co2, water vapour, lactic acid Colors, movement, size Daytime biters More visual Heat, convection currents Nighttime feeders Associated with nest or not
82
what is an example of a vector finding a host through their nest?
Bedbugs like our nest (beds)
83
how does host preference influence disease transmission
If there's more of a host the vector likes it will improve transmission cycle
84
what is an example of vector susceptivility affecting transmission effectiveness
Malaria only transmitted through one type of mosquito Others disease can’t develop in
85
how does environment affect disease transmission
Temp and landscape changes
86
what is an example of environment effecting disease transmission
Bluetongue virus Affects sheep and sometimes cattle Transmitted by biting midge Before 1998 Known bluetongue in limited range After 1998 Many unknown vectors popped up in more northern areas Leading hypothesis is global warming

Entm 1000 midterm 3 (5 decks)

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