Week 10

Question 1

In _________ __________, the behaviour of a model is witnessed by an observer, and the observer’s behaviour is subsequently changed

Answer 1

Observational Learning

Question 2

Being in a ________ situation can change behaviour, even if no one in the group realises it

Answer 2

social situation

Question 3

Can observational learning be involved in classical or operant conditioning?

Answer 3

Both

Question 4

C_________ B__________: instinctive or reflexive behaviour triggered by the occurrence of the same behaviour in another individual

Answer 4

Contagious Behaviour

Question 5

Fear responses of all kinds are quite _______, which makes good adaptive sense

Answer 5

contagious

Question 6

Or_______ responses can be contagious

Answer 6

Orienting responses

Question 7

S_________ E_________: the probability of a behaviour is changed because an individual’s attention is drawn to a particular item or location by the behaviour of another individual

Answer 7

Stimulus Enhancement

Question 8

St_________ En___________ simply allows the triggers to be noticed.

Answer 8

Stimulus Enhancement

Question 9

V_________ E__________ R____________: classically conditioned emotional responses that result from seeing those emotional responses exhibited by others

Answer 9

Vicarious Emotional Responses

Question 10

The stimuli involved in classical conditioning and Observational learning are usually __________ in nature

Answer 10

emotional

Question 11

Vicarious Emotional responses can occur in either ______ or higher order conditioning

Answer 11

fear

Question 12

_________ of an operant response through observational learning first requires that the observer pay attention to the behaviour of the model

Answer 12

Acquisition

Question 13

We are very sensitive to the _____________ of a model’s behaviour

Answer 13

consequences

Question 14

A factor in operant conditioning and observational learning is whether the observer ___________ for the behaviour of attending to a model

Answer 14

reinforcement

Question 15

The observer needs sufficient ______ to benefit from the modelling of a model in observational learning in operant conditioning

Answer 15

skills

Question 16

The personal ____________ of a model can strongly influence the extent to which we will attend to their behaviour

Answer 16

characteristics

Question 17

The reinforcement or punishment of the ________’s behaviour ultimately determines whether a modelled behaviour will be performed

Answer 17

observers

Question 18

Performance of a modelled behaviour can be differentially reinforced in different _________

Answer 18

contexts

Question 19

True _________ is a form of observational learning that involves the close duplication of a novel behaviour

Answer 19

imitation

Question 20

G__________ I___________: is a tendency to imitate a new modeled behaviour with no specific reinforcement for doing so

Answer 20

Generalised Imitation

Question 21

(Girls/Boys) have a greater tendency to inhibit violence unless there is an incentive for violence

Answer 21

Girls

Question 22

The use of language is a (direct/indirect) measure in learning

Answer 22

indirect

Question 23

A ‘rule’ can be defined as a verbal description of a __________

Answer 23

contingency

Question 24

Behaviour that has been generated through exposure to rules is known as ____-___________ behaviour

Answer 24

rule-governed behaviour

Question 25

Rules are extremely useful for rapidly establishing _________ patterns of behaviour

Answer 25

appropriate

Question 26

The extent to which we follow ___________ depends largely on the consequences we have received for following instructions

Answer 26

instructions

Question 27

Rule-governed behaviour is often (more/less) efficient than behaviour that has been directly shaped by natural contingencies

Answer 27

less

Question 28

_________ rules: defined as verbal descriptions of contingencies that we present to ourselves to influence our behaviour

Answer 28

Personal rules

Question 29

___-_____ correspondence : occurs when there is a close match between what we say we are going to do and what we actually do at a later time

Answer 29

Say-do correspondence

Question 30

_____ ________ rules: personal rules that indicate the specific process by which a task is to be accomplished

Answer 30

Personal process rules

Question 31

What do humans and dolphins have in common?

Answer 31

Imitation of actions and sounds on request

Question 32

What are the two types of observational learning?

Answer 32

Social; Asocial

Question 33

_______ learning is observational learning that is learned without direct contact with a model

Answer 33

Asocial

Question 34

________: the act of copying the actions or behaviours of someone else

Answer 34

Imitation

Question 35

_____ imitation: duplication of a novel behaviour

Answer 35

True

Question 36

________ imitation: Imitation of new modelled behaviour - without specific reinforcement to do so

Answer 36

Generalised imitation

Question 37

Imitation believed to demonstrate unique ________ abilities, specifically capacity for perspective-taking

Answer 37

cognitive

Question 38

________ _________ conditioning: classically conditioned emotional responses resulting from seeing those emotional responses exhibited by others

Answer 38

Vicarious Emotional conditioning

Question 39

Is vicarious emotional conditioning a simple or higher-order classically conditioning?

Answer 39

It can be both

Question 40

___________: The act of demonstrating one's actions or behaviour in the presence of someone else

Answer 40

Modelling

Question 41

__________ learning is less predictable in what an individual actually learns

Answer 41

Observational

Question 42

Nothing compels us to copy a _______

Answer 42

model

Question 43

Observational learning is NOT just c____________ behaviour

Answer 43

contagious behaviour

Question 44

C___________ behaviour: instinctive or reflexive behaviour triggered by its presence in another individual

Answer 44

Contagious behaviour

Question 45

Observational learning is not just S_________ E_________

Answer 45

Stimulus Enhancement

Question 46

________ _________ theory: People learn in a social context through: - principles of classical and operant conditioning - Observational learning - Modelling and imitation

Answer 46

Social Learning Theory

Question 47

_______ ________ theory: Any behaviour can be learned without direct reinforcement or punishment

Answer 47

Social Learning Theory

Question 48

_________ __________ theory: Form of instrumental conditioning in which actions that replicate observed acts are directly or indirectly reinforced

Answer 48

Social learning theory

Question 49

_______ ________ _________: "Expectations of reinforcement and punishers will influence likelihood of performing the action, but learning is the result of observation"

Answer 49

Social Learning Theory

Question 50

What is the difference between social learning theory and social cognitive theory?

Answer 50

Self-efficacy (person variables; thoughts and feelings)

Question 51

___-________ extent to which individuals believe they have the competencies to perform a particular behaviour

Answer 51

Self-efficacy

Question 52

Self-efficacy is influenced by: - Ex_________ - Mod___________ (vicarious experience) - Social Per_________ - Psychological factors

Answer 52

Experience; Modelling; Social persuasion; Psychological factors

Question 53

What are the four key processes in Social Cognitive Theory? - Att_________ - Re________ - Motor Re__________ - Mot_____________

Answer 53

Attention; Retention; Motor productive; Motivation

Question 54

M______ P__________: ability to reproduce an action

Answer 54

Motor productive

Question 55

Indirect learning can occur through L________

Answer 55

language

Question 56

_____-_________ behaviour: Rule as a verbal contingency

Answer 56

Rule-governed behaviour

Question 57

Does experience or knowledge trump the other for complex skills?

Answer 57

Experience

Question 58

__________ _______: verbal descriptions or contingencies that we present to ourselves to influence our behaviour

Answer 58

Personal rules

Question 59

Personal _______ ______: outline specific process through which a task is accomplished

Answer 59

Personal process rules