Week 2: Chapter 2

Question 1

A _________ is a characteristic of a person, place or thing that can change over time or from one situation to another

Answer 1

variable

Question 2

In behavioural research, the dependent variable is almost always some __________, and the independent variable is some ___________ event that is presumed to influence the DV

Answer 2

behaviour; environmental

Question 3

The relationship between the changes in the IV and DV is known as the ________ ________

Answer 3

functional relationship

Question 4

Can a functional relationship be likened to a cause-and-effect relationship

Answer 4

Yes

Question 5

A _________ is any event that can potentially influence behaviour, whereas a ________ is a particular instance of behaviour

Answer 5

stimulus; response

Question 6

_______ behaviour is behaviour that has the potential for being directly observed by an individual other than the one performing the behaviour

Answer 6

Overt Behaviour

Question 7

_______ behaviour is behaviour that can be perceived only by the person performing the behaviour

Answer 7

Covert behaviour

Question 8

An __________ stimulus is an event that an organism will seek out

Answer 8

appetitive

Question 9

An _______ stimulus is an event that an organism will avoid

Answer 9

Aversive

Question 10

A procedure that affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus is called an __________ __________

Answer 10

establishing operation

Question 11

__________ is the prolonged absence of an event, which often increases the appetitiveness of that event

Answer 11

Deprivation

Question 12

_______ refers to the prolonged exposure to an event, which often decreases the appetitiveness of that event

Answer 12

Satiation

Question 13

___________ contiguity is the extent to which events occur close tougher in time

Answer 13

temporal

Question 14

________ contiguity is the extent to which events are situated close to each other in space

Answer 14

spatial

Question 15

___________ is a predictive relationship between two events such that the occurrence of one event predicts the probable occurrence of another

Answer 15

contingency

Question 16

____ of _________: the frequency with which a response occurs in a certain period of time

Answer 16

rate of response

Question 17

A _________ recorder is a classic devise that measures the total number of responses over time and provides a graphic depiction of the rate of behaviour

Answer 17

cumulative

Question 18

__________ research involves simply describing the behaviour and the situation in which an event occurs

Answer 18

descriptive

Question 19

___________ _____________ involves the systematic observation and recording of behaviour in its natural environment

Answer 19

Naturalistic observation

Question 20

_________ : a branch of zoology that focuses on the study of inherited behaviour patterns in animals

Answer 20

Ethology

Question 21

A __________ design is a type of control group design in which different species constitute one of the independent variables

Answer 21

comparative design

Question 22

In a simple - __________ design, behaviour in a baseline condition is compared to behaviour in a treatment condition

Answer 22

comparison

Question 23

In single - comparison designs, the phase A is the _________ and phase B is the _________ phase

Answer 23

Baseline; Treatment

Question 24

The ________ design is a type of single-subject design that involves repeated alternations between a baseline period and a treatment period

Answer 24

reversal design

Question 25

Two advantages of using animals in research are the ability to control their _______ makeup and their _________ history

Answer 25

genetic; learning

Question 26

A common method for measuring behaviour is to _________ and _____ it

Answer 26

observe; track

Question 27

___________ variable: - Manipulated - Environmental event (e.g. stimuli)

Answer 27

Independent

Question 28

_________ variable: | -Behavioural response

Answer 28

dependent

Question 29

Stimulus: - __________ (seek out) - _____________ (avoid)

Answer 29

Appetitive; Aversive

Question 30

___________: an instance of a behaviour

Answer 30

response

Question 31

__________ operations: a procedure that affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of an event

Answer 31

Motivating

Question 32

___________ operation: 'depriving an animal of food' leads to INCREASES in the appetitiveness of food

Answer 32

Establishing

Question 33

__________ operation: ' Overfeeding (satiating) an anima' leads to DECREASES the appetitiveness of food

Answer 33

Abolishing

Question 34

_________ contiguity: extent to which events occur close together in time

Answer 34

Temporal

Question 35

__________ contiguity: extent to which events are situated close to each other

Answer 35

Spatial contiguity

Question 36

___________: predictive relationship between two events

Answer 36

contingency

Question 37

"does not control for external influences" is a disadvantage of a ______-_______ design

Answer 37

single-subject

Question 38

A = ________ B = _________ in a single-subject design

Answer 38

baseline; treatment

Question 39

________ _______: A collection of related statements whose main function is to summarise and explain observations

Answer 39

Scientific Theory

Question 40

________ operations: a procedure that affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of an event

Answer 40

Motivating operation

Question 41

___________ operation: (e.g.) Depriving an animal of food - increases the appetitiveness of food

Answer 41

Establishing operations

Question 42

________ operations: (e.g.) overfeeding an animal - decreases appetitiveness of food

Answer 42

Abolishing operations

Question 43

_______ means "closeness" or "nearness"

Answer 43

Contiguity

Question 44

_________ is a predictive relationship between two events, such that the occurrence of one event predicts the probable occurrence of another

Answer 44

Contingency

Question 45

__% is often regarded the minimum acceptable level of inter-observer reliability

Answer 45

80%

Question 46

Can naturalistic observation determine causal effect?

Answer 46

No

Question 47

IF you wanted to systematically change the response behaviour. What single subject design would you use?

Answer 47

Changing-Criterion

Question 48

What are two advantages of a multiple baseline design?

Answer 48

- Treatment isn't withdrawn as there are multiple people | - Good for treatments that produce permanent change

Question 49

What are two disadvantages of multiple baseline designs?

Answer 49

- You need at least 2 + people; | - Treatment may generalise before we are ready

Question 50

A small N, individualised treatment methods and no need for statistics are all advantages of a _________ design

Answer 50

reversal design