Week 1: Chapter 1

Question 1

________ is any activity of an organism that can be observed or somehow measured

Answer 1

Behaviour

Question 2

________ is a relatively permanent change in behaviour that results from some type of experience

Answer 2

Learning

Question 3

Nativist is to _____ and empiricist is to ______

Answer 3

Nature; Nurture

Question 4

Aristotle or Plato created the four laws of association?

Answer 4

Aristotle

Question 5

What are the four laws of association?

Answer 5

The Law of Similarity;
The Law of Contrast;
The Law of Contiguity;
The Law of Frequency;

Question 6

The Law of __________; events that are similar to each other are readily associated with each other

Answer 6

Similarity

Question 7

The Law of _________: Events that are opposite from each other are readily associated

Answer 7

Contrast

Question 8

The Law of ________: Events that occur in close proximity to each other in time or space are readily associated

Answer 8

Law of Contiguity

Question 9

The Law of __________: the more frequently two items occur together, the more strongly they are associated

Answer 9

Frequency

Question 10

__________ assumes that it is possible to determine the structure of the mind by identifying the basic elements that compose it.

Answer 10

Structuralism

Question 11

__________: the subject in an experiment attempts to accurately describe his or her conscious thoughts, emotions, and sensory experiences

Answer 11

Introspection

Question 12

___________: assumes that the mind evolved to help us adapt to the world around us and that the focus of psychology should be the study of those adaptive processes

Answer 12

Functionalism

Question 13

The theory of E_________ had a profound influence on the development of behaviourism

Answer 13

evolution

Question 14

Can evolutionary adaptions be behaviours or just physical capacities?

Answer 14

Behaviours

Question 15

From an _________ perspective, the ability to learn evolved because it conferred significant survival advantages on those who had this ability

Answer 15

Evolutionary

Question 16

Diversity within behaviourism:

1. Watson’s __________ Behaviourism
2. Hull’s Neobehaviourism
3. ________’s Cognitive Behaviourism
4. Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
5. Skinner’s Radical Behaviourism

Answer 16

Methodological; Tolman’s

Question 17

Diversity within behaviourism:

1. Watson’s Methodological Behaviourism
2. _____’ s Neobehaviourism
3. Tolman’s Cognitive Behaviourism
4. ________’s Social Learning Theory
5. Skinner’s Radical Behaviourism

Answer 17

Hull; Bandura

Question 18

_____________ behaviourism is sometimes applied to any approach that rejects the value of data gathered through introspection

Answer 18

Methological

Question 19

___________ behaviourism assets that psychologists should study only those behaviours that can be directly observed

Answer 19

Methodological

Question 20

Watson’s view on behaviour is that it is essentially ___________

Answer 20

reflexive

Question 21

What were the three basic emotions that people are born with according to Watson?

Answer 21

Love; Rage; Fear

Question 22

Hull’s neobehaviourism believed that it might likewise be useful to inter the existence on internal events that might ______ between the environment and behaviour

Answer 22

mediate

Question 23

The mediating events that Hull incorporated into his theory consisted largely of _________-type reactions

Answer 23

physiological

Question 24

___________ is a brand of behaviourism that utilises intervening variables, in the form of hypothesised physiological processes, to help explain behaviour.

Answer 24

Neobehaviourism

Question 25

Hull believed that specific _______ (input) yielded specific ________ output

Answer 25

Stimuli; responses

Question 26

A "________" theory is one in which it viewed behaviours as consisting of a long chain of specific responses connected to specific stimuli (S-R Theory)

Answer 26

`Molecular"

Question 27

For _________; behaviour was an overall pattern of behaviour directed toward particular outcomes, and in can only be properly analysed at that level.

Answer 27

Tolman

Question 28

Dolman's intervening variables were more __________

Answer 28

mentalistic

Question 29

_________ behaviourism utilises intervening variables, usually in the form of hypothesised cognitive processes, to help explain behaviour

Answer 29

Cognitive

Question 30

A cognitive ____ is a mental representation of one's spatial surroundings

Answer 30

map

Question 31

_______ learning: Learning occurs despite the absence of any observable indication of learning and only becomes apparent under a different set of conditions

Answer 31

Latent

Question 32

______ _______ theory is a cognitive behavioural approach that strongly emphasises the importance of observational learning and cognitive variables in explains human behaviour

Answer 32

Social Learning

Question 33

Reciprocal __________: environmental events, observable behaviour, and "person variables" are seen as having a reciprocal influence on each other

Answer 33

determinism

Question 34

_________ behaviourism: Emphasises the influence of the environment on observable behaviour, rejects the use of internal events to explain behaviour, and views thoughts and feelings as behaviours that themselves need to be explained

Answer 34

Radical

Question 35

In radical behaviourism, _______ behaviours were subject to the same learning laws as overt behaviours

Answer 35

covert

Question 36

________ behaviourism views internal events, such as sensing, thinking, and feelings, as "covert" behaviours

Answer 36

Radical

Question 37

_______________: deliberate manipulation of environmental events to alter their impact on our behaviour

Answer 37

countercontrol

Question 38

Ultimately, Skinner believed that the ___________ determines both internal events and external behaviours

Answer 38

environment

Question 39

Skinner believed that only _______ behaviours (those that can be classically conditioned) are automatically elicited by stimuli that precede them)

Answer 39

reflexive

Question 40

``` 1 Watson's _________ behaviourism 2 Hull's ___behaviourism 3 Tolman's _______ Behaviourism 4 Bandura's _______ ________ theory 5 Skinner's _______ behaviourism ```

Answer 40

Methodological; Neo; cognitive; Social learning theory; Radical

Question 41

"Patterns of behaviour rather than a chain of S-R connections is important" is something that who would say?

Answer 41

Tolman and his cognitive behaviourism

Question 42

________ learning: Leanring occurs despite absence of evidence of learning, apparent only under different conditions

Answer 42

Latent

Question 43

Behaviour refers to ________ actions

Answer 43

observable

Question 44

________ ___________ is a process by which certain inborn behaviours come to be produced in new situations

Answer 44

Classical Conditioning

Question 45

_________ ____________ involves the strengthening or weakening of a behaviour as result of its consequences

Answer 45

Operant conditioning

Question 46

________ can either be immediate or delayed

Answer 46

Learning

Question 47

_________ believed that some behaviours were automated by that some could be controlled. Mind-body dualism

Answer 47

Descartes

Question 48

Tabula rasa: all knowledge is a function of __________

Answer 48

experience

Question 49

The ______ _________ believed that the conscious mind was composed of a finite set of basic elements that were combined through the principles of association

Answer 49

British empiricists

Question 50

__________ believed that psychologists should not study the structure of the mind, but instead the adaptive significance of the mind

Answer 50

Functionalists

Question 51

_______ psychology adheres to the law of parsimony

Answer 51

Behavioural

Question 52

M__________ behaviourism argued that subjective activities were too difficult to assess

Answer 52

Methodological behaviourism

Question 53

M__________ behaviourism adheres to a stimulus -> response theory

Answer 53

Methodological behaviourism

Question 54

Watson believed that all human behaviour was ref______

Answer 54

reflexive

Question 55

The most critical factor in determining expert performance is not innate ability but deliberate ___________

Answer 55

practice

Question 56

The term "intervening variables" is associated with Hull's ____________

Answer 56

neobehaviourism

Question 57

intervening variables are largely Phy_________ is nature

Answer 57

physiological (hunger drive)

Question 58

Was Hull's neobehaviourism a S-R theory?

Answer 58

Yes, one Stimulus to one Response

Question 59

The "cognitive map" is associated with which behaviourist theory?

Answer 59

Tolman's Cognitive Behaviourism

Question 60

_______ believed that the environment ultimately determines both external behaviour and internal events

Answer 60

Skinner

Question 61

Steven once became terribly ill while visiting Chicago. As a result, whenever he visits Chicago, he thinks of the illness he suffered at that time. Among the four laws of association, this is best described as an example of the law of __________

Answer 61

association

Question 62

Descartes believed that the behavior of a________ is entirely reflexive

Answer 62

animals

Question 63

The law of __________ holds that simpler explanations are usually preferable explanations.

Answer 63

parsimony

Question 64

Although Roberta just sits there throughout the lecture, she can afterwards repeat everything the professor said. This is an example of __________ learning

Answer 64

observational

Question 65

Watson was a _______, while Skinner was a ________.: a. radical behaviorist; methodological behaviorist b. neobehaviorist; radical behaviorist c. radical behaviorist; neobehaviorist d. methodological behaviorist; radical behaviorist

Answer 65

methodological behaviorist; radical behavioris

Question 66

Each time it rains, I see an increased number of umbrellas on the street. There appears to be a(n) ____________ relationship between the weather and the appearance of umbrellas.

Answer 66

functional

Question 67

An ABCAC design is a type of _________ design

Answer 67

reversal

Question 68

In a classical conditioning experiment, one group of dogs first hears a tone and then receives food, while another group of dogs receives food and then hears a tone. Following this, the researcher measures how much the dogs in each group salivate when they simply hear the tone. In this experiment, the order in which tone and food are presented is the ____________ variable

Answer 68

independent

Question 69

Robbie is afraid of spiders while Naseem finds them interesting. A spider is as aversive stimulus to Robbie, and an __________ stimulus to Naseem

Answer 69

appetitive

Question 70

On a cumulative recorder, a steep line indicates a ______ rate of response

Answer 70

high

Question 71

Plato was a n______, Aristotle was a n________

Answer 71

Nature; Nurture

Question 72

Proximity is to the law of ____________, as rate is to the law of ___________

Answer 72

contiguity; frequency

Question 73

According to Descartes, what makes up different from animals?

Answer 73

That we have free will and they do not.

Question 74

Who thought that there were basic elements of the mind that were put together via the laws of association?

Answer 74

British Empiricists

Question 75

Watson's __________ behaviourism argues the study of only observable and measurable behaviours

Answer 75

methodological behaviourism

Question 76

According to Tolman's ________ behaviourism, perhaps a behaviour is latently learned, but only displayed when it will be rewarded

Answer 76

cognitive