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Learning > Week 3: Chapter 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Week 3: Chapter 3 & 4 Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

An _______ behaviour is one that is automatically drawn out by a certain stimulus

A

elicited

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2
Q

A _______ is a relatively simple, automatic response to stimulus

A

reflex

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3
Q

The ______ response - a defensive reaction to a sudden unexpected stimulus

A

Startle response

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4
Q

________ response - automatically position ourselves to facilitate attending to a stimulus

A

orientating

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5
Q

A _______ ___ is a neural structure that underlies many reflexes and consists of a sensory neutron, an interneuron, and a motor neuron

A

reflex arc

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6
Q

A ______ ________ pattern is a fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus

A

A fixed action pattern

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7
Q

The specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern is called a ____ stimulus (or releaser)

A

sign stimulus

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8
Q

__________: Decrease in strength of elicited behaviour through repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus

A

Habituation

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9
Q

___________: Increase in strength of elicited behaviour through repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus

A

Sensitisation

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10
Q

__________: Habituated responses can also reappear following the presentation of a seemingly irrelevant novel stimulus

A

Dishabituation

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11
Q

A Low-intensity stimulus results in ____________

A high-intensity stimulus results in _____________

A

habituation; sensitisation

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12
Q

The ________-__________ theory proposes that an emotional event elicits _ competing processes: (1) an a-process that is directly elicited by the event, (2) and a b-process that is elicited by the a-process and serves to counteract the a-process

A

The Opponent-Process theory; 2

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13
Q

In the opponent-process theory is the a or b-process the opponent process?

A

b-processl to counteract the a-process

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14
Q

The _-process correlates closely with the presence of the emotional event:
The _-process is slow to increase and slow to decrease

A

a;b

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15
Q

With repeated presentations of the emotional event, the b-process increases in both __________ and __________

A

strength; duration

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16
Q

___________ _____________ is a process in which one stimulus that does not elicit a certain response is associated with a second stimulus that does, as a result, the first stimulus also comes to elicit a response

A

Classical conditioning

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17
Q

respondent behaviours are the elicited behaviours in ___________ ____________

A

classical conditioning

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18
Q

Each pairing of the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is called conditioning ________

A

trial

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19
Q

The ______________ ____________ is a stimulus that naturally elicits a response

A

unconditioned stimulus

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20
Q

The ___________ ____________ is the response that is naturally elicited by the US

A

unconditioned response

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21
Q

The ____________ _______________ is any stimulus that, although initially neutral, comes to elicit a response because it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus

A

conditioned stimulus

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22
Q

The __________ ____________ is the response, often similar to the UR, that is elicited by the CS

A

conditioned response

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23
Q

In ___________ conditioning, the US is an event that the organism will generally approach or seek out

A

appetitive conditioning

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24
Q

In _________ conditioning, the US is an event that an organism generally avoids

A

Aversive conditioning

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25
Conditioning in which the NS is associated with the presentation of a US is known as ________ conditioning
excitatory conditioning
26
Conditioning in which the NS is associated with the absence or removal or a US is known as ___________ conditioning
inhibitory conditioning
27
In _________ conditioning, the onset of the NS precedes the onset of the US, and the two stimuli overlap
delayed conditioning
28
In _______ condition, the onset and offset of the NS precede the onset of the US
trace conditioning
29
The period of time between the US and NS is the ______________ interval
interstimulus interval
30
In ___________ conditioning, the onset of the NS and the onset of the US occur simultaneously
simultaneous conditioning
31
In _____________ conditioning, the onset of the NS follows the onset of the US
backwards
32
___________ conditioning is considered the least effective procedure for conditioning
Backwards conditioning
33
____________ is the process of developing and strengthening a conditioned response through repeated pairings of a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Acquisition
34
The maximum amount of conditioning that cane take place in a particular situation is known as the ______ of conditioning
asymptote
35
In general, more intense _________ ______ produce stronger and more rapid conditioning than do less intense US's
unconditioned stimulus
36
__________: a conditioned response is weakened or eliminated when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented in the absence of the US
Extinction
37
____________ ____________ is the reappearance of a conditioned repose to a CS following a rest period after extinction
Spontaneous recovery
38
____________ is the sudden recovery of a response during an extinction procedure when a novel stimulus is introduced
Disinhibition
39
_____________ _________________: the tendency for a CR to occur in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the CS
Stimulus generalisation
40
____________ ______________ is the generalisation of a conditioned response to verbal stimuli that are similar in meaning to the CS
Semantic generalisation
41
_________ behaviour: (involuntary) behaviour drawn out by certain stimulus
Elicited behaviour
42
Survival reflexes: - ________ response - O__________ response - F_________ __________ - Vomiting reflex
Startle; Orienting response; Flexion response
43
_________ __________ patterns: Fixed sequences of responses elicited by a stimulus (releaser)
Fixed Action Patterns
44
____________: Decrease in strength of elicited behaviour through repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus
Habituation
45
___________: Increase in strength of elicited behaviour through repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus
Sensitisation
46
If the intensity of a stimulus is high, we are likely to see ____________ towards a stimulus
sensitisation
47
If the intensity of a stimulus in low, we are likely to see _________ towards a stimulus
habituation
48
Classical conditioning is an ___________ learning process
associative
49
_____________ reflex: Consists of an unconditional stimulus and unconditional response
Unconditional reflex
50
conditional _________: Consists of a conditional stimulus and a conditional response
conditional reflex
51
_____-________ ___________: the time between the presentation of a CS and the UCS, and the order of presentation
Inter-Stimulus interval
52
What is the most effective type of Classical conditioning?
Delayed
53
The US is sought out in ____________ conditioning
appetitive conditioning
54
The US is avoided in _____________ conditioning
aversive conditoning
55
______________ conditioning: Process through which NS becomes CS
Excitatory conditioning
56
____________ conditioning: Process through which another CS inhibits response
Inhibitory conditoning
57
___________: The weakening of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditional stimulus
Extinction
58
Extinction is not an _________ of the conditioned response
unlearning
59
________ _____________: The re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response
Spontaneous recovery
60
__________ _____________: when a subject that has learnt a response to a specific stimulus does not response to a new similar stimuli
Stimulus discrimination
61
_____________ _______________: Stimulus previously associated with CS can become a CS
Sensory preconditioning
62
Sensory preconditioning is a form of _______ learning
Latent learning
63
_______-_______ conditioning: a stimulus that is associated with a CS can also become a CS
higher-order conditioning
64
In _________ _____________: one stimulus is conditioned as a CS another stimulus with which it was previously associated can also become a CS
sensory conditoning
65
A __________ stimulus consists of the simultaneous presentation of two or more individual stimuli
Compound stimulus
66
In _____________, the most salient member of a compound stimulus is more readily conditioned as a CS
overshadowing
67
In ______ _________, a familiar stimulus is more difficult to condition as a CS than is an unfamiliar stimulus
latent inhibition
68
____________ conditioning is a form of classical conditoning in which the CS is the passage of time
Temporal conditoning
69
E___________ I____________: the presentation of a novel stimulus at the same time as the conditioned stimulus produces a decrease in the strength of the CR
External Inhibition
70
US _____________: is the post conditioning presentation of the US at a different level of intensity, thereby altering the strength of response to the previously conditioned CS
reevaluation
71
__________ learning: Learning to link two events that occur close together
Associative learning
72
A _______ ____ consists of a neural structure that consists of a sensory neuron, a motor neuron, and an interneuron
reflex arc
73
The specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern is known as a _____ stimulus
sign stimulus
74
Is "fight/flight response" a reflex or flexion?
Reflex
75
Repeated low intensity stimuli can lead to Hab________
habituation
76
Repeated high intensity stimuli can lead to sen________
sensitisation
77
In opponent-process theory, is the b-process elicited by the event or the a-process or the c-process?
The a-process
78
U___________ R________: consists of an unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
Unconditional reflex
79
C_________ R_________: consists of a conditional stimulus and a conditional response
Conditional reflex
80
A (higher/lower) suppression ratio indicates greater suppression
lower (0 is more suppressed than .33)
81
Conditioning in which the NS is associated with the presentation of a US is known as E_________ C_________
excitatory conditioning
82
________ proceeds rapidly during early conditioning trials, then gradually levels off
acquisition
83
_____-_______ conditioning: a stimulus that is associated with a CS can also become a CS
Higher-order conditioning
84
In ____________ preconditioning, when on stimulus is conditioned as a CS, another stimulus with which it was previously associated can also become a CS
sensory conditioning
85
In ___________, the most salient member of a compound stimulus is more readily conditioned as a CS and thereby interferes with conditioning of the least salient member
overshadowing
86
___________ __________: a stimulus signals if CS is likely to be followed by US and thereby produce a CR
Occasion setting
87
_________ ____________: is a form of classical conditioning in which the CS is the passage of time
Temporal conditioning
88
Fixed action patterns are sometimes called s_____-s______ behaviors because they are often unique to a certain species.
Species - specific
89
The workers in a factory hardly notice the noise, even at the start of the day. This is an example of ___-____ ___________
long-term habituation
90
In a suppression ratio, a value of _____ indicates _____. a. 0; total suppression b. .5; total suppression c. .5; partial suppression d. 1; no suppression
0; total suppression
91
The reflexive action of a dog pricking up its ears in response to a sound is an example of a(n) ________ response
orienting
92
In blocking, a compound stimulus consisting of ______ is paired with a US. a. two NSs b. an NS and CS c. a higher-order CS and a lower-order CS d. two CSs
b. an NS and CS
93
I’m much less afraid of my pet spider than I am of strange spiders. This is best described as an example of the effect of ______ _________
latent inhibition
94
When Bobby was little, his mother used to tell him, “Be polite,” and then slap him. As an adult, Bobby feels anxious whenever he overhears a mother tell her child, “Say thank you.” This seems to be an example of a. spontaneous recovery b. semantic recovery c. semantic generalization d. stimulus discrimination
c. semantic generalization
95
Following an experience in which you were stung by a bee and subsequently developed a fear of bees, you are hired for a one-day job with a biologist in which your task is to catch bees. During the day, you never once get stung by a bee. As a result, your fear of bees will likely decrease, which is a process known as ____________
extinction
96
The fact that you learned to fear wasps and hornets, as well as bees, after being stung by a bee is an example of the process of _______ __________
stimulus generalisation
97
People in general more easily acquire a fear of snakes than of birds. This is an example of the effect of ______. Certain people more easily acquire a fear of snakes than do other people. This is an example of the effect of ______. a. US revaluation; preparedness b. temperament; preparedness c. preparedness; US revaluation d. preparedness; temperament
d. preparedness; temperament
98
The ease with which an individual can acquire a conditioned fear response may be influenced by their base level of emotionality and reactivity to stimulation, which is known as ____________
Temperament
99
The basic process involved in flooding appears to be Select one: a. dishabituation b. counterconditioning c. incubation d. extinction
d. extinction
100
What is the first elicited reaction in the opponent process theory of emotion?
the (a) primary response which is elicited by the stimulus
101
_______ _________ is a learning process whereby innate behaviours may be produced in new situations
Classical Conditioning
102
The US is sought out in __________ conditioning
appetitive
103
The US is avoided in __________ conditioning
aversive
104
_________ conditioning for example is where we fear a dog and get scared, BUT when the dogs owner is present we dont have to be fearful. There presence leads to a reduction in our fear response
Inhibitory conditioning

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