Week 10 - Lecture 10 Flashcards
(19 cards)
What did Freud suggest about the origins of attachment?
Attachment arises from oral satisfaction (feeding)
Infants bond with whoever feeds them, usually the mother.
What were the findings of Harlow’s Surrogate Mother Experiments?
Monkeys preferred the cloth mother for comfort over the wire mother with food
Spent ~15 hrs/day with cloth mother and < 1 hr/day with wire mother.
What are the long-term effects observed in cloth-only monkeys from Harlow’s experiments?
Timid, poor social/mating skills, inadequate parenting
Highlights the importance of comfort and nurturing in attachment.
What is Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development?
Trust vs. Mistrust
Physical comfort and sensitive care lead to basic trust in infancy.
According to Bowlby, what are the four key behaviors associated with attachment?
- Proximity maintenance
- Safe haven
- Secure base
- Separation distress
These behaviors shape the caregiver-infant relationship.
What percentage of infants are classified as having secure attachment in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation?
Approximately 65%
Securely attached infants explore while caregiver is present and are easily soothed upon return.
What behavior characterizes insecure-avoidant infants in the Strange Situation?
Little interaction with caregiver and minimal distress on separation
They tend to avoid or ignore the caregiver on return.
What is the impact of secure attachment at 12-18 months according to Sroufe et al. (2005)?
Higher self-esteem, better emotional health, and social competence up to 34 years
Secure attachment has long-term positive effects.
What cultural differences did van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) find in attachment types?
Germany showed higher avoidant attachment, Japan showed higher resistant attachment
Indicates variations in attachment distributions across cultures.
What is a key critique of the Strange Situation method?
It varies by daycare experience and cultural childrearing norms
Attachment must be understood within socioeconomic and cultural contexts.
What is the basic premise of classical conditioning as proposed by Pavlov?
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) paired with Unconditioned Stimulus (US) leads to Conditioned Response (CR)
Example: Bell + Food → Salivation.
Define positive reinforcement in operant conditioning.
Response → add appetitive stimulus → increase behavior
Example: Giving food to a dog for sitting.
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) according to Vygotsky?
Range of tasks a child can perform with vs. without social support
Emphasizes the social nature of learning.
What did Bandura’s Bobo Doll Studies demonstrate?
Children imitate aggressive models even without direct reinforcement
Highlights learning through observation.
Fill in the blank: Meltzoff (1995) found that infants copy an adult’s intended actions, even if the actions _______.
[failed]
Infants focus on the intention behind actions, not just the outcome.
What does over-imitation refer to in the context of children’s learning?
Children copy unnecessary actions in a task
Observed in both opaque and transparent tasks.
What is the significance of imitation in cultural transmission?
Imitation underpins cultural learning and distinguishes human learning from other primates
Both rational and redundant imitation play a role.
True or False: Classical conditioning involves learning through consequences of behavior.
False
Classical conditioning is about associating stimuli, while operant conditioning involves consequences.
What are the implications of attachment research?
Highlights lifelong impact of early emotional bonds, moderated by cultural context
Understanding attachment is crucial for developmental psychology.
