Week 11

Question 1

____________ are hydrophobic molecules and are usually found in membranes.

Answer 1

Lipids

Question 2

____________ means can have polar and non polar components.

Answer 2

Amphipathic.

Question 3

____________ contains two leaflets of phospholipids.

Answer 3

Plasma membrane

Question 4

_____________ are lipids that contain glycerol backbone.

Answer 4

Glycerphospholipids.

Question 5

___________ are lipids that contain phosphate groups.

Answer 5

Phospholipids.

Question 6

____________ are lipids that contain a sphingosine backbone.

Answer 6

Sphingolipids.

Question 7

_____________ are steroid containing lipids and is added to a membrane to increase fluidity.

Answer 7

Cholesterol.

Question 8

___________ is the movement of particles down a concentration gradient.

Answer 8

Diffusion.

Question 9

Diffusion of molecules depends on several factors:

Answer 9

Size
Shape
Temperature
Solvent Viscosity

Question 10

__________ are proteins embedded in the plasma membrane.

Answer 10

Integral Membrane Proteins

Question 11

____________ are examples of membrane-spanning proteins.

Answer 11

Seven-Transmembrane Receptors

Question 12

Seven-Transmembrane Receptors contain seven transmembrane ______________ that span the membrane.

Answer 12

Alpha helices.

Question 13

_____________ are associated with the surface of the membrane, can be linked through a hydrophobic anchor, and not embedded in the plasma membrane.

Answer 13

Peripheral Membrane proteins

Question 14

___________ methods for molecules to pass in and out of the cell or organelle.

Answer 14

Transporters.

Question 15

___________ takes one molecule through the membrane.

Answer 15

Uniporter

Question 16

____________ takes two different molecules through the membrane.

Answer 16

Symporter

Question 17

____________ swaps one molecule with the other from the other side of the membrane.

Answer 17

Antiporter.

Question 18

In ______________ energy is required , molecules move up a concentration gradient, can be primary or secondary.

Answer 18

Active transport

Question 19

_____________ active transports uses ATP directly to drive ion movement.

Answer 19

Primary

Question 20

____________ active transports, gradient pumps a second molecule across membrane.

Answer 20

Secondary

Question 21

In ______________ molecules move down a concentration gradient, can occur through channels.

Answer 21

Passive Transport

Question 22

A lot of ___________ gated channels are considered uriporters.

Answer 22

Voltage

Question 23

______________ is the movement of solvent through a semipermeable barrier from a region of low to high solute concentration.

Answer 23

Osmosis

Question 24

__________ are structures that aggregate in the plasma membrane. They are involved in cell signaling and tethering cell membranes.

Answer 24

Lipid Rafts.

Question 25

Lipids Rafts are composed of ____________ and ____________.

Answer 25

Cholesterol and sphingolipids.

Question 26

_______________ is generally accomplished through chemical signals; although some specialized cells can detect and respond to light.

Answer 26

Signal Transduction

Question 27

Signal binds specifically to the ___________ on the extracellular sides.

Answer 27

Receptor

Question 28

____________ is a chemical compound released by other cells somewhere in the organism or by other organisms in the environment.

Answer 28

Signal.

Question 29

___________ is a chemical message made in response to a signal that amplifies and propagates it inside the cell.

Answer 29

Second messenger.

Question 30

_________ occurs when a common signaling molecule that is active in both pathways.

Answer 30

Cross talk

Question 31

_____________ is a molecule that generates the second messenger.

Answer 31

Effector.

Question 32

______________ is a tetramer with 2 regulatory and 2 catalytic subunits.

Answer 32

Protein Kinase A (PKA)

Question 33

PKA is activated by a signal from a ______________.

Answer 33

Catecholamine

Question 34

Catecholamine binds to a _____________ receptor and activates heterotrimeric __________ protein.

Answer 34

Beta-adrenergic receptor, G.

Question 35

____________ subunit exchanges GDP for GTP.

Answer 35

G alpha

Question 36

G alpha subunit disassociates from the complex and activates _____________.

Answer 36

Adenylate cyclase.

Question 37

Activated adenylate cyclase produces ___________ from ATP.

Answer 37

cAMP.

Question 38

cAMP binds to the regulatory subunits of ____________, activating it .

Answer 38

PKA.

Question 39

______________ will make the G-protein constantly on.

Answer 39

Cholera Toxin

Question 40

____________ is a peptide hormone, it is a growth factor and regulates glucose levels.

Answer 40

Insulin.

Question 41

Insulin functions through a receptor called ____________.

Answer 41

Tyrosine Kinase.

Question 42

Insulin binds to its receptor causing dimerization of the receptor and recruitment of ____________.

Answer 42

IRS-1.

Question 43

Phosphorylated IRS-1 initiates a phosphorylation cascade, resulting in the activation of __________.

Answer 43

Erk.

Question 44

Erk alters gene expression via ______________ pathway and Erk.

Answer 44

MAP kinase

Question 45

IRS-1 activates _____________, which converts ______________ to ______________.

Answer 45

PI3K, PIP2 to PIP3.

Question 46

PIP3 then activates _____________.

Answer 46

PDK1.

Question 47

Activated PDK1 phosphorylates _______________.

Answer 47

Akt.

Question 48

Akt phosphorylates trafficking proteins on _____________ vesicles.

Answer 48

Glut 4.

Question 49

Glut 4 vesicles translocate to the plasma membrane, increasing _____________ transport.

Answer 49

Glucose.

Question 50

Akt can phosphorylate ____________, which breaks down cAMP, decreasing PKA signaling.

Answer 50

PDE-3B

Question 51

Akt can phosphorylate ____________, which increases protein synthesis.

Answer 51

mTOR.

Question 52

_______________ is a cytosolic kinase that responds to AMP levels and acts as acute regulator of cellular metabolism.

Answer 52

AMP- activated protein kinase (AMPK)

Question 53

Increased AMP activates ____________ which activates catabolic pathways that break down ____________ which activates ____________ and promotes the storage of carbohydrates.

Answer 53

AMPK, Triglycerides, Beta-oxidation.

Question 54

What nucleotide is an allosteric regulator of protein kinase A and many other enzymes?

Answer 54

cAMP.

Question 55

_____________ are typically small, soluble signals that are generated or released within the cell in response to an extracellular signal.

Answer 55

Second messengers

Question 56

In ______________ , kinase becomes active and phosphorylates a second kinase downstream of the first.

Answer 56

Kinase Cascades.

Question 57

______________ are enzymes that cleave phosphates from proteins, play a key role in reversing the action of kinases and shutting down kinase signaling cascades.

Answer 57

Phosphatases.

Question 58

________________ dephosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase, inactivating it and stopping the release of glucose from glycogen breakdown.

Answer 58

Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1).

Question 59

_______________ are common structural motifs in signaling proteins.

Answer 59

SH2 domains.

Question 60

SH2 domains bind specifically but reversibly to phosphorylated _____________ residues.

Answer 60

Tyrosine.

Question 61

________________ and _______________ are involved in inflammation response and are activated by cytokines.

Answer 61

JAK, STAT.

Question 62

_________________ are family of kinases that respond to mitogens, growth factors and pro-inflammatory signals that lead to cell proliferation. Contribute to the unmitigated growth of cells in cancer.

Answer 62

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP).

Question 63

___________________ receptors bind to lipoplysacharrides, endotoxins, fibrillar and profilin (bacterial proteins), and several heat shock proteins.

Answer 63

Toll-like

Question 64

__________________ small, serine-threonine protein kinases that regulate progression throughout the cell cycle. Regulate cell growth and replication.

Answer 64

Cyclin-dependant kinases (CDK)

Question 65

_______________ is a gaseous signaling molecule that is involved in the nervous system.

Answer 65

Nitric Oxide

Question 66

______________ is the process by which proteins are packaged, are sorted, and find their place in the cell.

Answer 66

Protein Trafficking

Question 67

_______________ is a short peptide sequence that belong to proteins that move to a location outside the cytosol. Directs the nascent protein to an organelle.

Answer 67

Signal Sequence

Question 68

_________________ is a protease that resides in the ER lumen. It cleaves the signal peptide of some proteins, resulting in the loss of the transmembrane domain and formation of a soluble protein within the ER lumen.

Answer 68

Signal Peptidase

Question 69

Most proteins are packaged into membrane-bound transport ____________ for trafficking around the cell.

Answer 69

Vesicles

Question 70

_______________ involves in vesicle formation, examples include clathrin, COPI, and COPII.

Answer 70

Coat Proteins

Question 71

_______________ transport, trafficking of proteins out of the cell.

Answer 71

Anterograde

Question 72

________________ transport, movement from the Golgi apparatus back to the ER.

Answer 72

Retrograde transport.

Question 73

_________________ one of the main coat proteins found trafficking among the trans Golgi apparatus, the plasma membrane, and endosomal compartments. Involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis of lipoproteins.

Answer 73

Clathrin

Question 74

_______________ coat proteins undergo retrograde transport.

Answer 74

COPI

Question 75

_______________ coat proteins undergo anterograde transport.

Answer 75

COPII

Question 76

_______________ can occur via the fusion of a vesicle of neurotransmitter or integral membrane proteins with the plasma membrane.

Answer 76

Vesicular fusion

Question 77

Vesicular fusion triggers the ____________ of the vesicle contents, either into the target membrane or outside the cell in the form of secretion.

Answer 77

Exocytosis.

Question 78

_______________ -snare bind to vesicles.

Answer 78

V

Question 79

_____________ -snare bind to the target membrane.

Answer 79

T

Question 80

_______________ are integral membrane proteins, anchored in their C termini.

Answer 80

SNARE structure