Week 12

Question 1

_______________ are amphipathic, unbranched long-chain carboxylic acids, containing an even (usually) number of carbon atoms that are components of neutral lipids, phospholipids, and eicosanoids.

Answer 1

Fatty acids.

Question 2

Fatty acids are stored as _______________ in adipose (fat) tissue .

Answer 2

Triacylglycerols.

Question 3

_________________ fatty acids do not contain double bonds.

Answer 3

Saturated.

Question 4

_______________ fatty acids contain double bonds.

Answer 4

Unsaturated

Question 5

The _____________ carbon is the terminal carbon (opposite from the carboxyl).

Answer 5

Omega

Question 6

_________________ is a spherical structure composed of aggregates of fatty acids at high concentrations.

Answer 6

Micelle.

Question 7

Micelles result in a _______________ in entropy and spontaneous reaction.

Answer 7

Decrease.

Question 8

Micelle formation results in _________________ degrees of freedom for water.

Answer 8

Increased

Question 9

__________________ is the classification of fatty acids that do not have charged groups because the carboxylic acid is esterified to either glycerol or cholesterol.

Answer 9

Neutral Lipids.

Question 10

If a neutral lipid is liquid at room temperature it is an _________________ and if it is solid it is ________________.

Answer 10

Oil, Fat.

Question 11

Generally saturated fat is __________ at room temperature and unsaturated fats are more likely to be _______________.

Answer 11

Solid, Liquid.

Question 12

_______________ have properties similar to those of saturated fats, but metabolized differently than saturated and cis fatty acids.

Answer 12

Trans Fats.

Question 13

_________________ are fatty acid esterified to cholesterol.

Answer 13

Cholesteryl esters

Question 14

Cholesteryl esters form a large part of _______________ in the arteries, which can lead to heart disease.

Answer 14

Plaque.

Question 15

_________________ are hydrophobic, long-chain fatty acids esterified to a long-chain alcohol.

Answer 15

Waxes.

Question 16

________________ are amphipathic lipids that contain a phosphate moiety. They are found in lipid bilayers.

Answer 16

Phospholipids.

Question 17

___________________ are lipids that contain a glycerol backbone, two fatty acyl chains, and a phosphoalcohol.

Answer 17

Glycerphospholipids

Question 18

__________________ are lipids that contain a sphingosine backbone, one fatty acyl chain, and a phosphoalcohol.

Answer 18

Sphingophospholipids.

Question 19

________________ are groups of lipids with diverse functions but a common skeleton consisting of four fused rings. Examples include hormones.

Answer 19

Steroids.

Question 20

__________________ are made from cholesterol and are critical for sexual development, reproduction, and regulation of mineral balance in higher organisms.

Answer 20

Steroid hormones

Question 21

________________ is the most common steroid and maintains membrane fluidity.

Answer 21

Cholesterol

Question 22

_______________ are detergents synthesized from cholesterol by the liver and stored in the ________________.

Answer 22

Bile salts, Gall Bladder.

Question 23

Bile salts are used to solubilize dietary lipids in the ___________________; increases the surface area and facilitates the enzymatic degradation of lipids.

Answer 23

Small intestines

Question 24

As with fatty acids, the deprotonated form of the molecule is referred to as a _______________ while the protonated form is referred to as __________________.

Answer 24

Bile salt, Bile acid.

Question 25

________________ are molecules derived from 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Answer 25

Eicosanoids.

Question 26

______________ is the breakdown of fatty acids.

Answer 26

Beta-Oxidation

Question 27

Each cycle of Beta-Oxidation shortens the fatty acid chain by ________________.

Answer 27

2C

Question 28

Beta-Oxidation usually occurs in the _________________ but really long chains of fatty acids get oxidized in the _______________.

Answer 28

Mitochondria, Peroxisome.

Question 29

Activation of Beta-Oxidation occurs through coupling to Coenzyme A to form _______________.

Answer 29

acyl-CoA.

Question 30

In odd numbered fatty acids, _______________ is formed, which is converted to succinyl-CoA.

Answer 30

Propionyl-CoA.

Question 31

Since long-chain acyl-CoAs cannot penetrate the inner mitochondrial membrane, Fatty acids are shuttled across the inner mitochondrial membrane as _________________.

Answer 31

acyl carnitines

Question 32

In the Beta-Oxidation pathway, fatty acyl-CoA is converted to _________________ by the enzyme ________________.

Answer 32

trans-delta2-enoyl-CoA. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.

Question 33

In the Beta-Oxidation pathway, trans-delta2- enoyl-CoA is converted to _________________ by the enzyme ________________.

Answer 33

3-L-Hydroxyacyl-CoA. Enoyl-CoA hydratase.

Question 34

In the Beta-Oxidation pathway, 3-L-Hydroxyacyl- CoA is converted to _________________ by the enzyme ________________.

Answer 34

Beta-Ketoacyl-CoA. 3-L-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase

Question 35

In the Beta-Oxidation pathway, Beta-ketoacyl-CoA is converted to _________________ by the enzyme ________________.

Answer 35

Fatty acyl CoA. Beta-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase.

Question 36

What is the major metabolic pathway products of beta-oxidation feed into?

Answer 36

The citric acid cycle (acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA)

Question 37

_________________ Requires the input of energy, Built from 2C units, Process is similar to beta-oxidation, but it is not the reverse.

Answer 37

Fatty acid Biosynthesis

Question 38

_________________ is the enzyme that synthesizes malonyl-CoA and releases it into the cytosol. Found in the endoplasmic reticulum and the rate-limiting step of fatty acid biosynthesis is catalyzed by this enzyme.

Answer 38

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

Question 39

_________________ is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes seven enzymatic reactions 4 are analogous to beta oxidation while 3 are novel.

Answer 39

Fatty Acid Synthase

Question 40

Fatty acids are elongated by two carbons through the additional of activated ________________.

Answer 40

Malonyl-CoA.

Question 41

Desaturation of fatty acids occur through the enzyme ______________.

Answer 41

Δ-9 desaturase.

Question 42

_____________________ dephosphorylatres acetyl-CoA carboxylase and returns it to the active state.

Answer 42

Phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A (PP2A).

Question 43

Phosphorylation of ACC I by __________________ or _________________ results in ACC adopting the less active state.

Answer 43

AMP kinase (AMPK), Protein kinase A (PKA).

Question 44

Protein kinase A (PKA) is stimulated by _______________ and _______________.

Answer 44

Epinephrine and Glucagon.

Question 45

Phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is stimulated by the _______________ signaling pathway.

Answer 45

Insulin

Question 46

Mammalian fatty acid synthase generates fatty acids with how many carbons and how many double bonds?

Answer 46

16 carbons; 0 double bonds. Palmitate.

Question 47

________________ are small soluble molecules made in the liver in times of energetic scarcity.

Answer 47

Ketone bodies

Question 48

In the ketone bodies synthesis pathway, 2 acetyl CoAs combine to form ________________ by the enzyme ______________.

Answer 48

Acetoacetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase

Question 49

In the ketone bodies synthesis pathway, acetoacetyl-CoA is converted to ________________ by the enzyme ______________.

Answer 49

HMG-CoA. HMG-CoA synthase.

Question 50

In the ketone bodies synthesis pathway, HMG-CoA is converted to ________________ and _______________ by the enzyme ______________.

Answer 50

Acetoacetate, Acetyl-CoA. HMG-CoA lyase.

Question 51

In the ketone bodies synthesis pathway, acetoacetate and acetyl-CoA are converted to ________________ by the enzyme ______________.

Answer 51

D-beta-hydroxybutyrate. Beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase.

Question 52

__________________ is a state in which an increased level of ketone bodies is produced. Can stem from a low carbohydrate diet.

Answer 52

Ketosis

Question 53

_______________ synthesis occurs in the liver and is required for membrane fluidity.

Answer 53

Cholesterol

Question 54

In cholesterol synthesis _______________ production is the committed step

Answer 54

Mevalonate.

Question 55

________________ is reduced to mevalonate in cholesterol synthesis.

Answer 55

HMG-CoA.

Question 56

______________ is an important intermediate that gets oxidized so we can have an alcohol and is folded to make cholesterol.

Answer 56

Squalene.

Question 57

___________________ dephosphorylates the reductase and returns it to the active state.

Answer 57

HMG-CoA reductase phosphatase.

Question 58

HMG-CoA reductase phosphatase dephosphorylation is stimulated by the ______________ signaling pathway but blocked by _______________ and __________________.

Answer 58

Insulin. Epinephrine, Glucagon.

Question 59

Different types of ______________ are derived from cholesterol.

Answer 59

Bile salts.

Question 60

_______________ are compounds that bind to bile salts in the small intestine and sequester them. Can be effective at lowering plasma cholesterol.

Answer 60

Bile Acid Sequestrants

Question 61

How many isoprenes are used to make one molecule of cholesterol?

Answer 61

6 isoprenes- 5C each to make 30C squalene

Question 62

_________________ is a precursor of eicosanoids and endocanabiniods.

Answer 62

Arachidonic acid.

Question 63

NSAIDS such as ibuprofen and aspirin inhibit ______________ and ________________ for pain relief.

Answer 63

COX I and COX II

Question 64

______________ is constitutively expressed and is used in day-to-day signaling pathways such as regulating blood pressure and blood clotting, immune system, and circadian cycle. Also used in childbirth

Answer 64

COX I

Question 65

________________ may be induced when injury or inflammation damages a tissue

Answer 65

COX II

Question 66

_________________ are small lipophilic signaling molecules to act over short ranges are Signaling molecules derived from arachidonate.

Answer 66

Endocannabinoids

Question 67

______________ Bind to Δ9 tetrahydrocannabinol. Results in hypotension, increased appetite (also known as orexia) and decreased pain perception. Are G protein receptors

Answer 67

Cannabinoid (CB) receptors

Question 68

_______________ are nonspecific cation channel involved in pain perception.

Answer 68

Vanilloid receptors

Question 69

_______________ are amphipathic lipid molecules containing a phosphate head and nonpolar tail.

Answer 69

Phospholipids

Question 70

_________________ is a central molecule to phospholipid and neutral lipid metabolism.

Answer 70

Phosphatidate

Question 71

________________ and ________________ are the bases of making sphingolipids.

Answer 71

Palmitoyl-CoA and serine

Question 72

_________________ are enzymes that cleave phospholipids. Many are specific to the point of cleavage and substrates they cut.

Answer 72

Phospholipases.

Question 73

An enzyme that adds a fatty acid to the assembling phospholipid is called (category):

Answer 73

An acyltransferase

Question 74

Synthesis of Triacylglycerols occurs predominantly in ________________, but can happen in other tissues as well.

Answer 74

Small Intestine.

Question 75

_________________ are spherical micelles of phospholipids and apolipoproteins surrounding a neutral lipid core. Differ in ratio of protein:lipid content. Include HDL, IDL, LDL, and VDL.

Answer 75

Lipoproteins

Question 76

_________________ transport is the removal of cholesterol from the circulation and peripheral tissues to the liver. Plasma ___________ levels are increased.

Answer 76

Reverse Cholesterol Transport. HDL.

Question 77

_________________ is secreted by the neurons and is a small, disk-shaped, HDL-like particles. It is a brain lipid protein with multiple isoforms.

Answer 77

Apolipoprotein E

Question 78

________________ are secreted by the liver and bind to nonspecific fatty acids through hydrophobic interactions. Binding decreases drug efficacy and increases half-life

Answer 78

Albumins

Question 79

______________ bind to several sex hormones, including cortisone, but also to aldosterone and progesterone. Blocks the effect of signaling molecules

Answer 79

Transcortins

Question 80

___________________ is the process in which the cell internalizes particles and uses the cholesterol contents of low-density lipoproteins.

Answer 80

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis.

Question 81

In Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis _______________ binds to the patch of receptors forming a coated pit.

Answer 81

Clathrin.

Question 82

Motor proteins, such as _________________, assist in pinching off from the membrane.

Answer 82

Dynamin.

Question 83

Vesicles enter the endocytic pathway as an ____________________.

Answer 83

Early endosome.

Question 84

The enzyme 2-monoacylglycerol acyltransferase adds an acyl group on ______________________.

Answer 84

2-monoacylglycerol.

Question 85

________________ is an enzyme that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidate to diacylglycerol . Helps coordinate neutral lipid synthesis with the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyl ethanolamine

Answer 85

Phosphatidate Phosphatase.

Question 86

____________________ is the organelle that stores neutral lipids in the cell. Contain a phospholipid monolayer coating a core of hydrophobic triacylglycerols or cholesterol esters.

Answer 86

Lipid Storage Droplets.

Question 87

________________ are key proteins involved in regulating lipid metabolism.

Answer 87

Perilipins

Question 88

_________________ is the regulated mobilization and breakdown of triacylglycerols. Triggered by hormone signaling.

Answer 88

Lipolysis.

Question 89

Lipolysis is regulated by _________________.

Answer 89

AMP kinase.

Question 90

In ______________ storage, mobilization occurs over minutes to hours. cAMP is manipulated via hormones and cell signaling cascades.

Answer 90

Acute.

Question 91

_______________ storage occurs over weeks or longer. Partially affected by both levels of gene expression and diet.

Answer 91

Chronic.

Question 92

______________ are transient, loosely bound, bundles of cholesterol and sphingolipids (especially sphingomyelin) thought to be involved in signaling. Sites of action for pathogen entry into a cell and cell survival.

Answer 92

Lipid Rafts.

Question 93

________________ is essential to the lipid rafts, and depletion or manipulation disrupts the raft.

Answer 93

Cholesterol.

Question 94

______________ is a flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane. Involved in membrane trafficking.

Answer 94

Caveolae.

Question 95

______________ are associated with caveolae and are cholesterol-binding proteins.

Answer 95

Caveolins.