Week 11- Applications to clinical practice Flashcards
(46 cards)
What are the names of the main waveforms detected via electroencephalogram in pain studies of animals?
Question 1Answer
a.1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
b.A, B, C, D, E.
c.Delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma.
d.P, Q, R, S, T.
c.Delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma.
What type of behaviour might be inferred as pain-related in a study of lambs post-mulesing?
a.Agonistic encounters with conspecifics.
b.Standing with a hunched posture.
c.Lying in ventral recumbency.
d.Rumination.
Standing with a hunched posture.
Which of the following gives the most important reasons that EEGs are not used more commonly for pain assessment in clinical contexts?
a.Cost and the need for general anaesthesia.
b.Licensing restrictions and the need for local anaesthesia.
c.EEG units are currently illegal in Australia.
d.EEG outputs tend to be ambiguous and influenced by observer bias.
Cost and the need for general anaesthesia.
What animal welfare paradigm does HRQL align with?
a.
Mental state.
b.Bodily health.
c.Negative welfare states.
d.The Five Domains.
b.Bodily health.
Which group of zoo animals are Quality of Life tools focused upon?
a.Social mammals.
b.Cryptic bird species.
c.Geriatric animals.
d.Species at highest risk of displaying stereotypie
c.Geriatric animals.
A farming client approaches you for advice regarding pain relief for their cattle. The farmer says that they are currently giving a product called ‘Buccalgesic’ to their calves orally immediately after scoop dehorning. She asks you if that is sufficient to alleviate any pain caused by the procedure. Outline your response and any suggestions you might make for refinement.
-‘Buccalgesic’ = orotransmucosal (OTM) meloxicam, an NSAID
-Giving an NSAID orally gives some pain relief, but won’t be effective until at least half an hour after administration
-This means that calves will still perceive pain at the time of dehorning and for several minutes afterwards, before blood NSAID levels become therapeutic
-For refinement, you could suggest the farmer also performs a nerve block (suing local anaesthetic) before the procedure
In this way (multimodal analgesia), she could achieve good pain relief coverage for the majority of the duration of the painful period
What is pain?
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage
Pain is an inherently subjective experience
Pain can arise from short-term disturbances to the animal; including routine husbandry practices
including castration, mulesing, tail docking, injuries, etc.
Trisofen: does it help with pain?
*lignocaine takes effect reasonably quickly (mins)
*bupivacaine slow to take effect but long DOA (hours)
*therefore 90d withholding period
*adrenaline to prolong DOA of the LAs
*will have no effect on large blood vessel bleeding
*cetrimide is an antiseptic
statistically significant rapid 3min and prolonged up to 8h wound analgesia and improved wound healing
What is the difference between pain and nociception?
*Nociception refers to neural encoding of impending or actual tissue damage
*While pain refers to the subjective experience
*Although nociceptive stimulation usually leads to pain, one can exist without the other
What are the main functions of pain
Many functions:
*Convalescence: to inhibit activities that delay recovery
*Alerting: learning to avoid harmful stimuli in future
What are the criteria for animals to experience pain (8 points)
1.Nociceptors (sensory receptors that respond to stimuli)
2.Nerve pathways linking to receptors to central spinal cord or higher structures, or pain centres (peripheral and
central)
3.A processing area (often central), similar to cerebral cortex. The ‘rostral cingulate gyrus’ is the point where nociception becomes pain
4.Behavioural response to noxious stimuli expected to be painful, e.g. afferent response elicited
5.Behavioural response to analgesic treatment: a modified response to noxious stimuli when analgesics administered and not an automatic spinal reflex
6.Pain-related avoidance learning, to learn to avoid a noxious stimuli via experience
7.Suspension of normal behaviour - when an animal is in pain, its behaviour changes and may cease feeding,
and exhibit abnormal behaviour
8.Self-select analgesic when pain is unavoidable
Do fish feel pain?
can’t say yes or no
-demonstration of a simple reflex to a response to a stimulus does not, on its own, indicate that an animal is consciously able to feel pain
How can you classify pain (4 ways)
Acute
Chronic
Adaptive
Maladaptive
Adaptive pain
‘helpful’ pain, which produces
behaviour that promotes healing and recovery
Maladaptive
‘unhelpful’ pain that tends to be out of all proportion to actual tissue damage
What are the 3 main ways to measure pain in animals?
- Behavioural measures (and changes in behaviour)
*Guarding of and rubbing painful areas, vocalising, freezing, loss of appetite, changes in feeding, changes in time budgets of behaviour, facial expressions
2.Physiological measures
*Changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, particularly glucocorticoid concentrations (e.g. blood cortisol)
3.Neurophysiological indicators
*Electroencephalographic (EEG)
How does acute pain develop? What are some behavioural indicators that an animal is in acute pain?
Acute pain results from traumatic, surgical or infectious event and generally alleviated by analgesic agents
Behavioural indicators
*Guarding of affected areas
*Vocalising on movement or palpation
*Excessive licking, bitting or scratching
*Sweating
*Recumbency
*Heavy breathing
*Aggressive reactions
*Avoidance
What are some behavioural indicators that an animal is in chronic pain?
Chronic pain persists beyond usual course of an acute disease or reasonable time for an injury to heal
Behavioural indicators:
*Limping or carrying limb
*Licking area of body
*Reluctance to move
*Changes in exploratory activity
*Loss of appetite
*Dysuria (painful urination)
*Bowel lassitude (fatigue)
*Changes in sleeping behaviour
Why is it difficult to detect pain in cryptic species?
-they often hide their pain (evolutionary benefit)
-difficult to seperate between pain behaviour and aggression
What are the characteristics of a dog in acute pain?
- Facial grimacing
- Vocalisation
- Hunching
How does the grimace expression relate to pain?
-pain projects ascending pathways to the thalamus to the amygdala, and then to motor cortex and acts on the facial nerve to make the grimace expression
What is measured as a physiological indicator of pain?
-cortisol
-heart rate variability
What happens to the cortisol levels in calves that are dehorned/disbudded?
Scoop dehorning results in acute cortisol response similar to maximum acute cortisol response (response to ACTH)
Hot iron disbudding (cautery) results in a lower cortisol response
Electroencephalograms
-used to assess pain
-evidence that EEG variables correlate well with subjective evaluations of pain
-one of the most accurate techniques used to assess pain perception
-they measure the electric activity of the brain instantaneously, accurately, and objectively
