Week 11 - Urinary System

Question 1

4 organs of the urinary system

Answer 1

Kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

Question 2

Functions of the urinary system

Answer 2

Excretion
Elimination
Homeostatic regulation

Question 3

Through what blood vessel does the kidneys receive blood

Answer 3

Renal artery

Question 4

2 sympathetic innervations

Answer 4

• Adjusts rate of urine formation

- Influences urine composition

Question 5

Define nephrons

Answer 5

Microscopic functional units of kidneys

Question 6

three metabolic wastes

Answer 6

urea
creatine
Uric acid

Question 7

kidneys function

Answer 7

concentration filtrate

Reabsorption and retention of valuable materials

Question 8

Basic process of urine formation

Answer 8

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

Question 9

2 factors that govern glomerular filtration

Answer 9

Hydrostatic pressure

Colloid osmotic pressure

Question 10

Define glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

Answer 10

Blood pressure in glomerular capillaries

Question 11

Function of Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP)

Answer 11

• Opposes glomerular hydrostatic pressure

- Pushes water and solutes out of filtrate

Question 12

Define net hydrostatic pressure

Answer 12

• Difference between glomerular hydrostatic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure
  GHP - CsHP = NHP

Question 13

Define colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 13

Pressure due to materials in solution

Question 14

Glomerular filtration rate

Answer 14

125 mL/min

Question 15

3 methods of GFR regulation

Answer 15

1. Autoregulation (local level)
   
   2. Hormonal regulation (initiated by kidneys)
   3. Autonomic regulation (by sympathetic division of ANS)

Question 16

What protein is released at the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)

Answer 16

Renin

Question 17

Solutes that enter the capsular space

Answer 17

1. Metabolic wastes and excess ions

2. Glucose, free fatty acids, amino acids and vitamins

Question 18

Reabsorption and secretion involve what 4 factors

Answer 18

• Diffusion
  
  • Osmosis
  • Leak channels
  • Carrier - mediated transport

Question 19

Define transport maximum (T m)

Answer 19

If nutrient concentrations rise tubular fluid, reabsorption rates increase until carrier proteins are saturated

Question 20

Define renal threshold

Answer 20

Plasma concentration at which a specific compound or ion begins to appear in urine

Question 21

Functions of proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 21

Reabsorption of organic nutrients 
Active reabsorption of ions
Reabsorption of water 
Passive reabsorption of ions 
Secretion

Question 22

Function of descending limb of nephron looop

Answer 22

• Freely permeable to water but not to solutes

Reabsorbs sodium and chloride

Question 23

Function of ascending limb of nephron loop

Answer 23

• Impermeable to water

- Passively and actively removes sodium and chloride ions

Question 24

three functions of the distal convoluted tubule

Answer 24

Active secretion of ions, drugs, acids and toxins into tubule
Selective reabsorption sodium and calcium ions
Selective reabsorption of water

Question 25

Define hypokalemia

Answer 25

Dangerous reduction in plasma potassium ion concentration

Question 26

Parathyroid hormone function

Answer 26

Regulates calcium ion reabsorption at DCT

Question 27

In response to acidosis

Answer 27

Ammonium ions are pumped into tubular fluid

Question 28

Define countercurrent multiplication

Answer 28

Exchange between fluids moving in opposite directions

Question 29

Water is reabsorbed where?

Answer 29

PCT | Descending limb

Question 30

When does water reabsorption occur

Answer 30

when osmotic concentration of peritubular fluid exceeds that of tubular fluid

Question 31

Function of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 31

Increases rate of osmotic water movement

Question 32

Define countercurrent exchange

Answer 32

Vasa recta returns reabsorbed solutes and water to general circulation

Question 33

Define ureters

Answer 33

Muscular tubes that extend from kidneys to urinary bladder

Question 34

Function of urethra

Answer 34

- Transports urine from neck of urinary bladder to exterior of body

Question 35

Define incontinence

Answer 35

Inability to control urination voluntarily