Week 13 - Reproductive System

Question 1

Define Gonads

Answer 1

organs that produce gametes (reproductive cells) and hormones

Question 2

Define Gametes

Answer 2

Reproductive cells

Question 3

Define reproductive tract

Answer 3

• Includes all chambers and passageways that connect ducts to exterior of body

Question 4

Gonad, gamete, sex hormone for males

Answer 4

Gonad = Testes
Gamete = sperm
Sex hormone = androgens

Question 5

Gonad, gamete for females

Answer 5

Gonad = Ovaries 
Gamete = oocyte

Question 6

Major functions of male accessory glands

Answer 6

• Activate sperm
  
  • Provide nutrients sperm need for motility
  • Propel sperm and fluids along reproductive tract
    Produce buffers

Question 7

Define mitosis

Answer 7

Cell division that produces two diploid daughter cells

- identical numbers and pairs of chromosomes

Question 8

Define meiosis

Answer 8

• Special form of cell division involved only in production of gametes
  
  • Produce four haploid gametes, each with 23 chromosomes

Question 9

Define reduction division

Answer 9

reduces number of chromosomes from diploid (46) to haploid (23), Both cells contain 23 chromosomes with two chromatids each

Question 10

Define spermatogenesis, and its 3 steps

Answer 10

Process of sperm production

1. mitosis
2. meiosis
3. spermiogenesis

Question 11

Define spermatids

Answer 11

Immature gametes

Question 12

At the end of meiosis 1, what are the daughter cells called

Answer 12

Secondary spermatocytes

Question 13

What happens to the daughter cells as they enter meiosis 2

Answer 13

• As they enter meiosis 2, they yield from two cells to four haploid spermatids

Question 14

Define spermiogenesis

Answer 14

• Last step of spermatogenesis

- Each spermatids matures into one sperm

Question 15

Function of nurse (Sertoli) cells

Answer 15

• Maintenance of blood testis barrier
  
  • Support of mitosis and meiosis
  • Support of spermiogenesis
  • Secretion of inhibin
  • Secretion of androgen-binding protein (ADP)

Question 16

Two steps of capacitation

Answer 16

1. Sperm become motile
   
   • When mixed with secretions of seminal glands
     2. Sperm become capable of fertilisation
   • When exposed to female reproductive tract

Question 17

2 male reproductive hormones that are released in response to - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Answer 17

1. Follicle - stimulating hormone (FSH)

2. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 18

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone function

Answer 18

• Controls rates of secretion of FSH and LH, testosterone

Question 19

Inhibin function

Answer 19

• Inhibits FSH production
  
  • Suppresses secretion of GnRH
  • Faster rates of sperm production

Question 20

Luteinizing hormone function

Answer 20

• Targets interstitial endocrine cells of testes

Question 21

What is some testosterone converted to?

Answer 21

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

Question 22

3 main ovary functions

Answer 22

1. Production of immature female gametes (oocytes)
   
   2. Secretion of female sex hormones (estrogens and progesterone)
   3. Secretion of inhibin

Question 23

Define and function uterine tubes

Answer 23

• Hollow muscular tubes about 13cm long

- Transport oocyte to uterus

Question 24

Functions of the uterus

Answer 24

• Mechanical protection
  
  • Nutritional support
  • Waste removal

Question 25

Uterus layers

Answer 25

Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium (Inner to outer)

Question 26

Define oogonia and function

Answer 26

female reproductive stem cells | - produce primary oocytes

Question 27

What occurs during oogenesis

Answer 27

- Cytoplasm of primary oocyte divides unevenly, producing one secondary oocyte and two or three polar bodies that disintegrate - Ovary releases secondary oocyte

Question 28

Define ovarian follicles

Answer 28

- Specialised structures in cortex of ovaries, where oocyte growth and meiosis 1 occur

Question 29

2 phases of the ovarian cycle

Answer 29

1. Follicular phase | 2. Luteal phase

Question 30

Define corona radiata

Answer 30

granulosa cells that remain associated with secondary oocyte

Question 31

During follicular phase, oocyte and its follicular cells project into what?

Answer 31

Antrum

Question 32

What happens to cholesterol during luteal phase?

Answer 32

Converted to progesterone

Question 33

3 phases in the uterine or period cycle

Answer 33

1. Menstrual phase 2. Proliferative phase 3. Secretory phase

Question 34

What occurs during menstraul phase

Answer 34

- Degeneration of endometrial functional layer | - Caused by constriction of spiral arteries

Question 35

Proliferative phase?

Answer 35

- Epithelial cells of uterine glands, multiply and spread across endometrial surface, restore integrity of uterine epithelium - Completely restore functional layer

Question 36

Secretory phase?

Answer 36

Uterine glands enlarge, increasing rates of secretion

Question 37

Define diploid

Answer 37

a cell or nucleus containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

Question 38

Define haploid

Answer 38

a cell or nucleus having a single set of unpaired chromosomes