Week??

Question 1

What are sports spaces ?

Answer 1

• semipublic
• privately owned and commercially operations (some)
• opened to public in exchange for fees

Question 2

What do sports spaces cause ?

Answer 2

• elite professional sport spaces -> commercial value increases
• access -> differentiated accorinding to $$$ which reflects class position of public

Question 3

What are the different types of sports stadiums ?

Answer 3

• early modern
• late modern
• postmodern

Question 4

What was involved in early modern stadiums ?

Answer 4

• built in early 20th C
• small size
• indiviudalistic features -> atypical in ters of designs and features
• iconic elements
• urban location -> dowtown core of cities
• nostalgic quality
• ex: Boston Fenway Park

Question 5

What was involved in late modern stadiums?

Answer 5

• built from 1960s to late 1980s
• efficiency/multi-use design
• predictability -> retracable roof for weather
• quantity over quality
• automation
• ex: Rogers Centre ( can be used for many types of events)

Question 6

What was involved in post modern stadiums?

Answer 6

• built since 1990s
• stimulated McDonaldization - balance b/w late and early
• spectacle and entertainment - prominent displays dis. throughout the stadium
• play on nostalgia (early aspect)
• ex: Baltiore Ballpark

Question 7

What is involved in the access to stadiums ?

Answer 7

• ticket prices for stadiums and arenas have increased
• priority of access given to sponsors, celebreties and economic and political elites

Question 8

What is involved in stadium identities ?

Answer 8

• gentrification (Low to high value) of sports spaces increases
• participation of working-class supporters/subcultures decrease

Question 9

What is involved in stadium construction ?

Answer 9

• sports teams and franchises demand public funding for construction of stadiums
• threaten relocation to other cities
• ex: Calgary Flames

Question 10

What are the ecnomic rewards regarding stadium construction?

Answer 10

• direct -> jobs from construction
• indirect (spillover effect) -> traffic for local businessess, tourism and tax revenues and revitalization of cities

Question 11

What is stated in regards to economic benefits in stadium construction ?

Answer 11

• economic benefits are widely overstated
• little spill over and generation of jobs

Question 12

What did Eckstein and Delaney state ?

Answer 12

The vast majority of sports econoists seem to believe that the payoff from professional sports teams simly does not justify the level of public investment (either direct or indirect effects …)

Question 13

Who benefits from stadium construction ?

Answer 13

econoic gains from new stadiums and arenas
* teams and franchises (positive)
* cities or states/provinces (negative)

Question 14

What is corporate welfarism?

Answer 14

• socializing costs for private profits
• governments subsidizing billionaire owners ?

Question 15

What do new stadiums and arenas include ?

Answer 15

• luxury boxes and amenities
• commercial sponsorships and naming rights (Modernized)
• opportunities for revenue generation increases

Question 16

What are the noneconomic rewards of stadium construction ?

Answer 16

• community self-esteem
• community collective conscience

Question 17

What are the arguments in favor of mega-events ?

Answer 17

• sources of civic-pride
• differentiate host cities/countries from other cities/countries
• infrastructure and facilities survive mega-events (ex: PANAM games)
• available to atheletes and communitites of host cities/countries
• opportunities to export culture and indeitty around world
• showcase host cities as “global” cities
• elicit feelings of national pride
• encourage non-violent competition among nations

Question 18

What are the arguments against mega-events ?

Answer 18

• festival capitalism: major public event organized to advance private commercial interests
• public subsidies and investments
• two-step approach: Keynesian public spending on facilities, infrastructure, redevelopments and neo-liberal private boom by companies and enterprises
• costs to public
• few benefits for peripheral regions
• inequitable distribution of Olympic-related resources
• lack of local economic impact
• adverse local impact + gentrification
• surveillance and security
• corruption
• sportswashing: states use mega-evetns to appear legitimate/important on world stage
• deflect attention from local problems or controversies

Question 19

What did Jules Boykoff state ?

Answer 19

sports mega events distract the public from unust processess like gentrification, homelessness, and hyper-policing, and are used as a rationalization for addressing these hot-button social issues