Week 4 Flashcards
(19 cards)
What is sports a medium for ?
- mechanism for reproducing gender and sexuality
- inequalities b/w men vs. women (e.g., trans inclusivity)
How were sports before the 19th century ?
- blood sports, etc
- violence, aggression
How were sports at the end of the 19th century ?
- rugby, soccer, football
- muscularity, stoicism, commitment, discipline
- more individual and team sports
What did sports enhance after the 19th century ?
sports as pedagogy of new masculine values (masculinity; discipline; control)
* leadership
* courage
* teamwork
* gender ideal: ability to control aggression for productive purposes
How were sports for upper-class men ?
- establish class distinction and taste
- leaderhsip
- individual sports (e.g., hunting, polo, yatching, golf, tennis)
How were sports for working-class men ?
- train and replenish labour-power
- obedience
- team sports (e.g., soccer, basketball)
How was sports for women before the 20th century ?
- limited participation for women
- atheleticism and competition -> unfeminine, “unladylike” (Europe and America’s; too submerssive of gender norms)
How were sports for middle-class/upper-class women?
- “light” sports
- limited mobility
- e.g., tennis
How were sports for working-class women ?
excluded altogether
How was sports for women in the 20th century ?
- greater participation by women in sports and physical activity (all social groups and classes)
- legal, political and civil struggles
- main reason: WW1 and WW2 got rid of all men and allowed women to participate in sports
What is invovled in first-wave feminism ?
- liberal feminism
- greater participation in sports and physical activities (male dominated)
- some seperate women’s clubs, events, and leagues
How were female atheletes ?
first wave
- traditional gender norms (appearances and dress)
- more conventional presentation
What is cooption ?
- equality of women in sport with men in sport
- going against claims for absolute biological differences b/w male and female athletes
What was invovled in second-wave feminism ?
- radical feminism (men and women are fundamentally different)
- Title IX in the U.S - federal law (1972) requieres all high schools and univerisities to not allow discrimination in sports
- de jure (by law) vs de facto (by fact) discrimination
- neo-liberal feminism (individualistic and business- and market-oriented)
What’s invovled in separatism ?
- promotion of women’s only leagues, sports, etc
- women embody different sport, values, aesthetics, techniques, etc
- gender essentialism?
- e.g., WNBA is fundamentally different than the NBA
What is involved in third-wave feminism ?
- intersectional feminism (sexualiation ≠ objectification; sexualization = empowerment, self-expression, etc)
- critiques dominant gender and sexual norms in sports
- struggles against other forms of inequality
What is cooperation ?
- creation of new sports ideals challenging gender and sexual differences
- greater and more diverse representation of women in sports
What is involved in post feminism ?
- backlash against feminism
- more sensibility than politics
- gender equality in sports has been acheived and feminism irrelevant
How is hegemonic masculinity in sports ?
- toughness and competitiveness
- violence against women
- marginalization of gay men
