Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

JL Opthalmology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

(77 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

How can you identify areas of epithelila loss?

A

Fluorescein drops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What can traumatic uveitis present with?

A

Dilated pupil, sensitive to light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a hyphaema?

A

Blood (red blood cells) in the anterior chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a hypoium?

A

White blood cells in anterior chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What test can be done for a penetrating injury?

A

Siedels test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What condition results from penetrating injury to one eye, autoimmune reaction in BIOTH eyes, inflammation in BOTH eyes and may lead to bilateral blindness?

A

SympATHETIC OPHTHALMIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What might a hammer and chisel injuries cause to eye?

A

Intra-ocular foreign bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What should you always do when suspecting an intra-ocular foreign body?

A

X-ray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What substance can give cicatrising changes to conjunctiva and cornea?

A

Alkali

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What might limbal ischaemia present like?

A

China white sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What must be done for chemical injuries to eyes?

A

Thorough irrigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What substances should you be aware of in chemical injuries?

A

Lime and cement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What should be used for irrigation?

A

2l saline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the term for swollen spotic discs secondary to raised intracranial pressure?

A

Papilloedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What should all patients with bilateral optic disc swelling be suspected of having?

A

Raised ICP due to space occupying lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does interruption of axoplasmic flow and venous congestion cause?

A

Swollen discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What three components make up intracranial pressure?

A

Brain - 80%
Blood - 10%
CSF - 10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Whast should you always check with patients with raised intracranial pressure and disc swelling?

A

Blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is most CSF produced?

A

In lateral ventricles by choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What exam is ophthalmoscopy a part of?

A

Cranial nerve 2 examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of age related macular degeneration can cause sudden visual loss?

A

Wet type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What presents with sudden visual loss, painless, RAPD and pale oedematous retina with threat like retinal vessels?

A

Occlusion of retinal circulation - central retinal artery occlusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do you manage CRAO within 24 hours?

A

Ocular massage - try to convert CRAO to BRAO

cAROTID Doppler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name two variants of retinal artery occlusion?

A

Branch retinal artery occlusion

Amaurosis fugax - transient CRAO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What presents with transient painless visual loss, like a curtain coming down and lasts 5 minutes with full recovery?
Transient CRAO - amaurosis fugax
26
How do you manage amaurosis fugax?
Immediate referral to TIA clinic | Aspitin
27
What presents with sudden visual loss, moderate to severe visual loss, retinal haemorrhages, dilated tortuous veins and disc swelling and macular swelling?
CRVO
28
Name a drug used to treat CRVO?
anti-VEGFs
29
What is the difference in colour between artery vs vein occlusion?
Artery goes pale | Vein goes dark
30
How does the optic nerve head circulation become occluded in ischaemic optic neuropathy?
Posterior ciliary arteries become occluded resulting in infarction of the optic nerve head
31
Name two types of ischaemic optic neuropathy that cause sudden, profound visual loss with swollen disc?
Arteritic - inflammation (GCA) | Non-arteritic
32
What signs are seen in ION?
Pale, swollen disc
33
What presents with loss of vision, floaters, loss of red reflex, haemorrhage on fundoscopy?
Vitreous haemorrhage
34
How is vitreous haemorrhage treated?
Vitrectomy
35
What presents with painless loss of vision, sudden onset of flashes/floaters, may have RAPD and the management is usually surgical?
Retinal detatchment
36
What involves new blood vessel growth under retina - leakiage causing build up of fluid/blood and eventually scarring?
Wet ARMD
37
What are the symptoms and signs of wet ARMD?
Rapid central visual loss Distrortion Haemorrhage/exudate
38
How is wet ARMD treated?
Anti-VEGF treatment - injected into vitreous cavity. stops new blood vessels growing by binding to VEGF
39
How might gradual visual loss present with early and late?
``` Early = redduced VA Late = decreased visual field ```
40
List the causes of gradual visual loss? cardigan
1. Cataract 2. Age related macular degeneration (dry) 3. Refractive error 4. Diabetic retinopathy 5. Inherited diseases - retinitis pigmentosa 6. Glaucoma 7. Access to eye clinic - non-urgnet
41
What drugs can cause cataracts?
Steroids
42
What are the symptoms and signs of dry ARMD?
Gradual decline in vision and central vision missing (scotoma) Drusen - build up of waste products below RPE Atrophic patches of retina
43
What is myopia?
Short sighted
44
What is hypermetropia?
Long sighted
45
What is astigmatism?
Usually irregular corneal curvature
46
What is the term for progressive optic neuropathy?
Glaucoma
47
What do patients with closed angle glaucoma present with?
Painful, red eye/visual loss, headache, nausea and vomiting
48
Give some signs of open angle glaucoma?
Cupped disc Visual field defect May or may not have IOP
49
Is the epithelium liphobic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophobic
50
Is the stroma hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophilic
51
What type of drugs penetrate the epithelium and what ones penetrate the stroma?
Lipid soluble drugs - epithelium | Water soluble drugs - stroma
52
Name a drug with both lipohpilic and hydrophilic properties?
Chloramphenicol
53
Name two substances which make steroids more hydrophobic?
Alcohol or acetate
54
Name a substance which makes steroids more hydrophilic?
Phosphate
55
Which one - pred acetate or pred phosphate has better penetration in uninflamted cornea?
Prednisolone acetate
56
Name a preservative which disrupts lipid layer of tear film and enhances corneal penetration?
Benzalkonium
57
What two eye side effects can steroids cause?
Cataract and glaucoma
58
Name the first line glaucoma medication?
Prostanoids - latanoprost
59
Name four other glaucoma medications other than prostanoids?
1. Betablockers 2. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors 3. Alpha adrenergic agonist 4. Parasympathomimetic - pilocarpine
60
Give four uses for fluorescein?
1. Shows corneal abrasion 2. Tonometry 3. Diagnosing nasolacrimal dut obstruction 4. Angiographt
61
What drugs cause pupil dilation by blocking parasympathetic supply to iris?
Mydriatics - trpicamide | Side effects: blurring, AACG
62
What class of drugs cause pupils to dilate?
Sympathomimetics
63
Name a TB drug which causes optic neuropathy?
Ethambutol - colour vision
64
Name a drug which causes maculopathy?
Chloroquine
65
What is the main cause of neuro-opthalmic disease?
Vascular
66
What way does lateral rectus move the eye?
Abduction
67
Give four causes of 6th nerve palsy?
1. Microvascular 2. Raised intracranial pressure 3. Tumour 4. Congenital
68
Give three movements of superior oblique?
Intorsion Depression in adduction Abduction (weak)
69
What does a head tilt suggest?
4th nerve palsy
70
What can cause bilateral IV palsy?
Blunt head trauma
71
Give four causes of 4th nerve palsy?
1. Congenital decompensated 2. Microvascular 3. Tumour 4. Bilateral - closed head trauma
72
What does occular position of down and out suggest?
3rd nerve palsy
73
Give five causes of third nerve palsy?
1. Microvascular 2. Tumour 3. Aneurysm 4. MS 5. Congenital
74
Whast would be the cause of a painful third nerve palsy?
Aneurysm
75
What causes progressive visual loss, pain behind eye especially on movement, colour desaturation, central scotoma and gradual recovery?
Optic neuritis
76
Pathology where - causes quadrantanopia?
Optic tracts and radiation
77
Pathology where - causes homonomous defect, macular sparing and congruous?
Occipital cortex

JL Opthalmology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions