WEEK 2 - BRAIN ANATOMY & RESEARCH METHODS Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
functions of the nervous system
A
- movement
- sensation
- regulation of bodily functions
- subjective experience and thought
2
Q
CNS
A
brain and spinal cord
3
Q
front roots of spinal cord
A
movement
4
Q
back roots of the spinal cord
A
sensation
5
Q
PNS
A
- somatic
- autonomic
6
Q
somatic nervous system
A
sensorimotor function
- voluntary movement
- sensation vision/hearing
via cranial nerves
- sensation: haptic
(dermatomes)
7
Q
dermatomes
A
Different exits of the spinal cord lead to different strips of skin to innervate touch in that area
ie teaches us about numbness
8
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
connections to the heart, intestines, other organs
- sympathetic and para ns.
9
Q
cranial nerves
A
12 nerves originating from the brain, controlling
- sensations from the head
- muscle movements in the head
- parasympathetic output to the organs
10
Q
afferent nerves
A
carry info to the brain
sensory input
11
Q
efferent nerves
A
Carry info from the brain
motor output
12
Q
sympathetic
A
fight flight
arousal
13
Q
parasympathetic
A
Rest and digest
14
Q
tract
A
set of axons within the CNS
15
Q
nerve
A
set of axons in the periphery
16
Q
nucleus
A
cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS
17
Q
ganglion
A
a cluster of neuron cell bodies OUTSIDE THE CNS
18
Q
gyrus
A
protuberance/bulge on the surface of the brain
19
Q
sulcus
A
Fold or groove that separates one gyrus from another
20
Q
fissure
A
long, deep sulcus
21
Q
myelin
A
type of fat, looks whiter than the cell body
22
Q
gray matter
A
cell bodies
23
Q
white matter
A
myelinated axons
- connecting neurons throughout the CNS/PNS
24
Q
directional planes
A
saggital
horitzonal
coronal
25
ventral
toward the stomach (belly)
26
dorsal
toward the back (spine)
27
anterior
front end
28
posterior
rear end
29
roastral
forehead
30
caudal
back of head/neck
31
ipsilateral
on same side of body
32
contralateral
the opposite side of the body
33
hindbrain
medulla oblongata, pins, cerebellum
34
midbrain
Part of the brain stem includes sensory and motor relay nuclei
35
forebrain
includes hemispheres, corpus callosum, and subcortical deep structures (telencephalon and diencephalon
36
brainstem
combination of structures from forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain
holds up both hemispheres
37
medulla oblongata
enlarged extension of the spinal cord
- contributes to vital reflexes, damage is often fatal
38
pons (latin for bridge)
thickened part on top of the medulla (ventral and anterior)
- crossing over of many fibers in the motor and sensory pathways for contralateral motor control
39
cerebellum
dorsal and inferior
'small brain'
- automated movement, balance, timing and time perception, sensorimotor coupling, attention shifting
40
origin of cranial nerves in the hind brain
5-12
41
midbrain
superior and inferior colliculi :
substantia nigra
42
superior and inferior colliculi :
contribute to sensory processing
43
substantia nigra
contributes to movement initiation
*most affected in parkinson disease
44
midbrain cranial nerves
2-4
45
forebrain
two cortical hemispheres
corpus callosum
46
two cortical hemispheres
cortex: bark, crumbled to increase surface (grey matter on hemispheres)
divided into 4 lobes, mostly contralateral info (opposite)
47
corpus colluosum
main structure connecting the hemispheres
48
structures underneath the cortex 'subcortical'
thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
basal ganglia
- caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
- basal forebrain
- hippocampus
49
forebrain cranial nerve
first (olfactory)
- smell
50
thalamus (2) - one in each hemisphere
collection of smaller nuclei, sensory and motor parts
relay station: sensory input travels through the thalamus to primary sensory areas and motor output to the muscles
gating mechanisms:
- deciding what goes through and what gets attention
VERY IMPORTANT
51
hypothalamus
located just below thalamus
- important in behavior and hormonal regulation
- emotion, motivation
- food intake
- activity level
- sexual behavior
52
pituitary gland
hormone-producing gland
responds to the hypothalamus
53
basal ganglia
putamen, caudate, globus pallidus
motor function, and movement
54
disease basal ganglia involved in
damaged in parkinsons and Huntington diseases
involved in movement initiation and vigor
timing conncetion & sequence learning
55
hippocampus
found in the temporal lobe
crucial for memory
shrinks in patients with alziehmers diseases
SEAHORSE SHAPE
56
ventricles and csf
fluid coushin all subcortical structures
hollow spaces
57
CSF
produces by the glia cells that line the ventricles and circulate along the spinal cord
58
Motor nerves leave from which side of the spinal cord, dorsal
or ventral?
ventral
59
what structures are found in the Hindbrain:
cerebellum
medulla pons
60
what structures are found in the midbrain
substantia nigra,
superior and inferior colliculi, tectum,
and tegmentum.
61
what structures are found in the forebrain
basal ganglia, hippocampus, hypothalamus, pituitary and thalamus
62
Which area is the main source of input to the cerebral cortex?
thalamus
63
What does ventral mean?
Toward the stomach
64
If two structures are both on the left side, or both on the right, what is their relationship?
Ipsilateral
65
3. What is a sulcus in the brain?
A groove that separates one gyrus from another
66
4. What is the function of the dorsal roots of the spinal cord?
They receive sensory input.
67
What does the parasympathetic nervous system control?
Vegetative activities
68
Which of these controls breathing, heart rate, and salivation?
The cranial nerves
69
hippocampus in what region
forebrain
70
Which structure provides most of the direct input to the cerebral cortex?
C. Thalamus
71
What do the ventricles contain?
Cerebrospinal fluid
72
cortical lobes
occipital lobe
parietal
temporal
frontal
73
cortical cell layers
6 different layers
Axons differ in lengths and thickness depending on cortical areas and primary function
organized into the type of neurons
74
types of neurons
sensory (input)
interneurons (relay)
motor (output)
75
primary sensory areas
first point of reception of sensory info after thalamus
information from specific senses is processed in so-called primary sensory areas and further processed detail elsewhere
76
landmark gyri and sulci
the wrinkled surface of the cortex
77
landmark fissures, sulci and gyri
longitudial fissure
central sulcus
lateral fissure
precentral gyrus
post central gyrus
78
occipital lobe
visual cortex
crossed visual fields, one hemisphere receives input from two eyes
(both sides process info from contralateral visual field)
79
damage occipital lobe
cortical blindness
80
parietal lobe
contains postcentral gyrus: primary somatosensory cortex
- processing touch and pain sensations, sensor info from muscles and joints
- integrating info from eye, head and body positions
spatial and numerical information
81
somatosensory homunculus
little human
body represetnation on the somatosensory strip in parietal cortex: somatotphy
not everybody part is represented equally (some parts are more sensitive)
82
temporal lobe
auditory areas
complex aspects of visual perception
memory (hippocampus)
83
frontal lobe
contains precentral gyrus: primary motor cortex
prefrontal cortex: contributes to many functions
- working memory
-planning
- response inhibition or inhibition, impulse control
84
binding problem
integration problem
unified perception across senses seems to happen when 2 sensations happen at the same placr and time
NOT YET FULLY EXPLAINED
85
dementia
brain damage
dementia gyri gets smoother
86
brain damage
atrophy
tumor
vascular (stroke)
developmental disorders
toxicity
infections
surgery (ie, epilepsy)
87
transcranial magnetic stimulation TMS
knocks out specific region: stimulates a lesion
- non invasive, reversible
*unnatural situtation
88
EEG
electrodes in a cap, measure small electrical currents on thee scalp
currents are results of many action potential
89
MEG
measures magnetic fileds due to the same electrical currents
90
position emission tomography
measures decay of an injected radioactive tracer, shows where the blood is going
91
fMRI
measures level of oxygen in the blood changed as brain areas become more active
92
electrical signals tests
EEG
MEG
93
blood circulation and oxygen use tests
positron emission tomography
fmri
correlation methods
94
CT
can show brain structure using x rays and an injected contrast tracer
95
MRI
without the functional
makes high resolution 3d images of the brain
expensive
96
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary audi-
tory cortex?
temporal lobe
97
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary
somatosensory cortex?
Parietal lobe
98
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary visual
cortex?
occipital
99
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary
motor cortex?
frontal lobe
100
What are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?
posterior portion: control of movement
middle potion: working memory, cognitive control, emotion
anterior portion: compares various types of info for making a decision
101
15. What is meant by the binding problem, and what is neces-
sary for binding to occur?
The binding problem is the question of how the brain
combines activity in different brain areas to produce
unified perception and coordinated behavior.
Binding requires identifying the location of an object and perceiv-
ing sight, sound, and other aspects of a stimulus as being
simultaneous.
When the sight and sound appear to come
from the same location at the same time, we bind them
as a single experience.
102
What is the main way in which mammalian species vary in their cerebral cortex?
Brains differ in their size and degree of folding.
103
In which of these ways do primates differ from elephants in their cerebral cortex?
A. Primates have more neurons per unit volume.
104
What is the relationship between columns and laminae in the cerebral cortex?
Each column crosses through one lamina after
another.
105
Where is the primary visual cortex?
Occipital lobe
106
Where is the primary somatosensory visual cortex?
Parietal lobe
107
Where is the primary auditory cortex?
Temporal lobe
108
Where is the primary motor cortex?
Frontal lobe
109
The main functions of the prefrontal cortex include which of the following?
Working memory and weighing the pros and cons of a
possible action
110
What is the binding problem?
The question of how we perceive separate sensations
as part of a single object
111
What is the difference between a lesion and an
ablation?
lesion is damage to a structure
. An ablation is
removal of the structure.
For example, a blood clot might
produce a lesion, whereas surgery could produce an
ablation.
112
What are the similarities and differences between MRI and
fMRI?
Both methods measure the responses of brain
chemicals to a magnetic field.
MRI shows the anatomy of
the brain.
The fMRI method shows which brain areas are
most active at the moment.
112
