WEEK 5 - MOVEMENT Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
SENSORY systems
A
vision
olfaction
gustation
audition
somatosensory
vestibular
proprioception
2
Q
2 non standard sense
A
vestibular system
proprioceptive system
3
Q
vestibular system
A
info on motion, head/body position, and orientation
4
Q
proprioceptive system
A
body awareness, location of your body in space
5
Q
reflexes
A
lowest on hierarchy
fixed, rapid automatic movements trigger in response to a specific sensory stimulus
little voluntary control, but can be modulated
ie, patella tendon, eye blink
6
Q
autonmated movements
A
2nd lowest on heirachry
postural and rythimic movements
7
Q
postural
A
combo of reflex and volition used to maintain an upright position concerning gravity; ie vestibulopspinal reflexes
8
Q
Rhythmic:
A
initiation and termination is voluntary, but the actual movement is more stereotypical, i.e., walking, running, chewing
9
Q
voluntary movement
A
highest level heirachry
purposeful, goal-directed movements
initiated entirely from within the CNS
performance improves with practice (trained)
reflex and postural movements compensate for the effects of the intended action
10
Q
muscle structure
A
muscle attach to the skeleton at the origin and insertion
muscles are collection of many muscle fibers
11
Q
fassicles
A
muscle fibers grouped together as a unit in the whole muscle
12
Q
3 types of muscles
A
smooth
skeletal
cardiac
13
Q
smooth muscle
A
control digestive system and other organs
14
Q
skeletal muscles/striated
A
control movement of the body in relation to the environment
15
Q
cardiac muscles
A
heart muscles that have properties of skeletal and smooth muscles
*need strong contraction
16
Q
each muscle fiber recieves info from ___ axon: but a single axon may innervate __ muscle fibers
A
ONE
many
17
Q
neuromusclar junction
A
synapse between a moto neuron axon and a muscle fiber
18
Q
how are muscles organzied
A
antagonisitc pairs
flexor + extensor
19
Q
What chemical messenger always excites skeletal muscles to contract
A
acetylcholine
20
Q
skeletal muscle types
A
slow twitch
fast twitch
21
Q
slow twich fibers
A
produce less vigrous contraction without fatigue
ie, marathon runner
more red and small
22
Q
fast twitch
A
fibers produce fast contractions but fatugure fast
ie, sprinter
more white and big
23
Q
duck or chicken get tired faster when flying
A
chicken = white muscles, has power to lift heavy body off the ground, but fatigues rapidly
duck = red muscles, far distances
24
Q
proprioceptors
A
Receptors in the body that detect the position or movement of a part of the body
25
2 proprioceptors that help regulate muscle contractions
muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs (shock absorber - prevent extreme contraction)
26
muscle spindles
respond to a stretch of muscle: cause contraction of the muscle
27
stretch reflex
Occurs when muscle proprioceptors detect the stretch and tension of a muscle and send messages to the spinal cord to contract it
28
golgi tendon organ
control intensity
type of proprioceptor that responds to increases in muscle tension
located in the tendons at the opposite end fo the muscle
act as a "brake against excessively vigorous contraction by sending an impulse to the spinal cord when motor neurs are inhibited
29
what type of relex is knee jerk reflex a stretch reflex
muscle spindles
30
movement vary with respect to feedback
some are ballistic and cannot be changed once initiated
others are guided by feedback (perception and cognition
30
Movements are a combo of..
voluntary and involunatry
reflexive and non reflexive
31
central pattern generators
neural mechanisms in the spinal cord that generate rhythmic patterns of motor output
ie, wet dog shake
32
motor program
refers to a fixed sequence of movements that is either learned or built into the nervous system
33
cerebral cortex
primary motor cortex (M1) is located in the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe
axons in the precentral gyrus connect to the brainstem and the spinal cord, which generate impulses that control the muscles
involved in complex movements
34
cortical motor areas
prefrontal cortex
premotor cortex
Supplementary motor cortex
primary motor cortex
central sulcus
primary somatosensory
posterior parietal cortex
35
primary motor cortex
active when people intend a movement
"orders" an outcome
specific areas are responsible for control of specific areas of the OPPOSITE side of the body
36
somatotopic organziation
M1 (Primary Motor Cortex) = Tells your muscles to move
S1 (Primary Somatosensory Cortex) = Feels touch, pain, and body position
37
areas near the primary motor cortex that contribute to movement
posterior parietal cortex
premotor cortex
38
posterior parietal cortex
keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world
damage = difficulty coordinating visual stimuli w movement
important for planning movement
39
premotor cortex
active during prep for movement
receives info about a target
integrates information about the position and posture of the body; organizes the direction of the movement in space
40
supplementary motor cortex
organzies rapdi sequence of movement in a specific order; inhibitory if nec
active seconds before movement
active following an error In movement so u can inhibit the incorrect movement next time
41
prefrontal cortex
active during a delay before movement
stores sensory info relative to a movement
nec for u to consider the probable outcomes of a movement
42
pre motor vs prefrontal cortex
m1 and PMC have direct connections to the spinal cord to control and produce movement
PFC areas influence M1 and the MPC not the spinal cord
43
lateral PFC
directs more complex cognition and planning aspects of behaviour
44
frontopolar cortex
long term goals
very front tip of your frontal lobe, right behind your forehead.
no sensory input (connection is lost, not relevant)
45
ibhibit movements
terminating an already planned action
46
antisaccade task:
Inhibit a saccade, a voluntary eye movement from one target to another
Performing this task well requires sustained activity in parts of the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia before seeing the moving stimulus
ability to perform this task matures through adolescence
47
mirror neurons
active during both prep of a movement and while watching someone else perform the same or similar movement
- imp for understanding, identifying and imitating others
- may be involved in social behaviour (autism?)
- unknown whether they cause or result from social behaviour
48
mirror neurons in the PMC
active when performing an action or when observing another kind perform a similar action
49
brain to spinal cord
cortico spinal tracts are paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord
50
two tracts
lateral and medial corticospinal tract
51
lateral corticospinal tract
set of axons from the primary motor cortex, surrounding areas, and red nucleus to the spinal cord
axons extend from one side of the brain to the opp side of the spinal cord, and control opposite side of the body
52
lateral corticospinal tract control movement in
hands and feet
53
red nucleus
red nucleus: a midbrain area with output mainly to the arm muscles
54
medial corticospinal tract
set of axons from many parts of the cortex
- reticular formation, midbrain tectum, vestibular nucleus
55
vestibular nucleus
brain area that recieves info from the vestibular system
56
medial tract control
muscles of the neck, shoulders and trunk
57
medial tract responsible for
bilateral movements, like walking, turning, bending, standing up and sitting down
58
lateral tract make up what %
90% of cortical spinal tract
crosses one side of brain to the opp side of spinal cord
precise movement
59
medial tract make up what %
10% of cortical spinal tract
controls central trunk muscles needed for postural adjustments and bilateral whole body movements
60
touch paths
bringing info to the cortex
connection between somatosensory and motor
touch receptors of the body toward the brain
cortical spinal tract goes from brain to muscles
61
where do the tracks cross
medulla
each hemisphere has access to opp side of the body
62
disorders of the spinal cord
Paralysis – Loss of muscle movement and control in part of the body.
Paraplegia – Paralysis of the legs and lower body.
Quadriplegia – Paralysis of all four limbs (arms and legs).
Hemiplegia – Paralysis on one side of the body.
Tabes dorsalis – A nerve disease from untreated syphilis that causes poor balance and pain.
Poliomyelitis – A viral disease that attacks motor neurons and can cause muscle weakness or paralysis.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) – A disease where motor neurons die, causing muscles to slowly weaken and stop working.
63
what cortical spinal tract is damaged in hemiplegia
lateral tract
axons extend from one side of the brain to the opp side of spinal cord and control opp side of body
64
cerebellum
structure in the brain ass with balance and coordination
*more neurons here than in all other brain areas combined
65
cerebellum damage
trouble with rapid moves requiring aim/timing
ie, clapping, speaking, writing
66
cerebellum other functions
respond to sensory info even in the absence of movement
responds strongly to violations of sensory info
ie, reaching to touch something and not feeling it or feeling something when you do not expect to
critical for aspects of attention, such as the ability to shift attention and attend to visual stimuli
67
cerebellum cellular organization
input from the spinal cord, from each of the sensory systems and cerebral cortex
sends it to the cerebellar cortex (=surface of the cerebellum
- molecular cell layer
- purkinje cell layer
- granule cell layer
68
prukingje cells
generate output of cerebellum
69
purkinje cells
flat parallel cells in sequential planes
70
parallel fibers
axons parallel to one another; perp to planes of Purkinje cells
71
parallel fibers ___ purkinje cells
excite
72
role of purkinje cells
tramsit inhibitory messages to the cells in the nuclei of the cerebellum (clusters of cell bodies in the interior of the cerebellum)
messages sent to the midbrain and thalamus
greater number of excited Purkinje cells, greater their collective duration of response
73
motor functions of the cerebellum
forward modeling to fine-tune motor control
combines sensory and motor info to predict where an object will be at some future point in time
74
basal ganglia
group of large subcortial structures in the forebrain
-responsible for initiating an action not guided by a stimulus
75
basal ganglia structures
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
76
circuitry of the basal ganglia
every area of the cortex interacts with the basal ganglia bia recursive loop circuits
77
two main paths modulate cortical activity basal
1. indirect path is inhibitory
2. direct path is excitatory
78
basal ganglia and movement
caudate nucleus and putamen recieve input from the cerebral cortex and send output to the globus pallidus
globus connects to the thalmus, which relays info to the motor areas and prefrontal cortex
(inhibits the thalamus)
basal select a movement to make by ceasing to inhibit it
79
basal ganglia loops
primary motor loop: simple moves
premotor loop: complex moves
oculomotor loop: eye moves
dorsolateral loop: cognition
orbitofrontal loop: reward, evaluation
80
someone who has difficulty timing their moves damage to what brain area?
cerebellum
impair coodrination, accuary, timing of moves
81
cerebellus vs basal
Cerebellum = Helps you with balance, coordination, and smooth movements
Basal ganglia = Helps you start, stop, and control movements smoothly
82
conscious decision libet study
conscious decision to move and movement itself occur at two different times
83
libet study results
begins at least 200 ms before the movement
implies that we become conscious of the decision to move after the process has already begun
84
movement problems diseases
parkinsons
huntingtons
TBI
stroke
MCI/AD
85
parkinsons
characterized by muscle tremors, rigitidty, slow moves, masked face, posture/gait issues
associated with difficulty in initiating spontaneous movement in the absence of stimuli to guide the action
86
parkinsons neuropathology
ass with gradual and progressive death of neurons (substantial nigra - sends dopamine releasing axons to other parts)
Loss of dopamine leads to less stimulation of the motor cortex and slower onset of movements
87
healthy brian vs parkinsons
indirect path (inhibitory) become more active, leading to decreased excitation from the thalamus to cortex
88
causes of parkinsons
genetics (mainly before 50)
enviromental influences
traumatic head injury
lifestyle facts - smoking and coffee are related to a decreased chance of dev - ODD
damaged mitochondria
89
gold starndard treatment of parkinsons diseases
levodopa
- precursor to dpamine that easily crosses BBB
does not prevent the continued loss of neurons
enters other brain cells, the chance of side effects
90
Other treatment of parkinsons disease
drugs that directly stimulate dopamine rec
implanting electrodes to stimulate areas deep in brain
experimental strategies:
- transplanting brain tissue of aborted fetuses
- implantation of stem cells programmed to produce large quantities of l dopa
91
huntingtons disease
neurodegentive diseased causes by a dominant genetic mutation
age 30-50
affects 1 in 10,000 ppl US
gene produces huntingtin, an altered form is toxic to the caudate and putamen
92
brain with huntington
ass with gradual and extensive brain damage esp in the basal ganglia but also in the cerebral cortex
93
huntington disease pateints display
non vol rythmic moves (chorea)
overstimulation of the motor drive (opp to PD)
initial symptoms: arm jerks and face twitches
motor symptoms progress to tremors and writhing that affect persons walking, speech and vol moves
94
huntington psychological symptoms
depression
memory impairment
anxiety
hallicunitation
poor judgement
drug abuse
sexual disorders
95
hereditiyy and presymptomatic testing huntingtons
controlled by autosomal dominant gene on chromosone 4
higher number of consecivtie repeats of the combo C-a-g the more certain and earlier the person is to develop disease
96
