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Biopsychology and Neuropsychology > WEEK 7 - DISORDERS > Flashcards

WEEK 7 - DISORDERS Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Depression

A

debilitating disorders in the world

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2
Q

depression affective

A

diminshed interest or pleasure

feeling sad

feeling worthless

suicice thoughts

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3
Q

depression physical

A

fatigure

difficulty sleeping

weight gain/loss

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4
Q

depression cognitive

A

not able to concentrate

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5
Q

depression behavioural

A

agitation

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6
Q

4 domains of depression

A

affective
physical
cognitive
behvioural

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7
Q

dsm 5 diagnosed with depression

A

almost every day, for at least 2 weeks, five or more symptoms

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8
Q

biological factors depression

A

genes
hormones
immune system

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9
Q

enviroment on depression

A

seasonal depression (SAD)
covid isolation
stressful life events

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10
Q

genes depression

A

moderate degree of heritaility

parents have depression 3x higher chance of dev depression themselves

early vs late onset (ie, dementia)

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11
Q

vascular dementia

A

lower metabolic rate in the brain

mini strokes

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12
Q

serotonin transporter gene

A

depends on the amount of stress

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13
Q

Biological treatment for depression

A

SRRI
- blocks reuptake of serotonin

SNRI
- works on norepi

atypical antidepressants

MAO inhibitors
- increase seratonin and norepi in cells

tricyclic antidepressants

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14
Q

biological treatment depression goals

A

increase serotonin, dopamine and norepi

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15
Q

SSRIS side effects

A

first week

stomach and bowel

headache and fatigue

insomnia

drowsiness
dry mouth
sexual disturbances

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16
Q

Effectiveness of antidepressants

A

high, low on the graph

increased metabolism In same brain areas

changing thoughts -? change brain chemistry

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17
Q

when is antidepressants effective

A

effects noticeable 2-4 weeks

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18
Q

Brain-derived neurotrophic factors (protein related to depression)

A

important for synaptic plasticity

  • smaller hippocampus
  • reduced production of new hippocampal neurons
  • decreased learning capacity

increase protein

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19
Q

dysthmia vs abuse treatement methods

A

long term, lifelong condition of unhappy mood -> antidperessant work better

psychotherapy better for abuse

*often combined

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20
Q

electro convulsive therpay (ETC)

A

treat depression

“to tear loose”

Inducing seuizures with electrical shock through the head

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21
Q

s-ketamine:

A

treat depression

new drug increase BDNF levels

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22
Q

bipolar disorder

A

depression and manic state

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23
Q

bipolar 1 and 2

A

1: full blown mania
2: hypomanis (agitation/anxiety)

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24
Q

depression:
mania:

A

low metabolic rates

high metabolic rates

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25
schizophrenia
periods of remission multiple personality more common in men
26
schiz diagnosis
disorder characterized by deteriorating ability to function in everyday life for at least 6 months and at least 2 symptoms
27
schiz positive symptoms
hallucintations delusions disorganized speech grossly disorganized behaviour
28
schiz negative symptoms
weak or abset signs of emotion, speech, socializations
29
cataontic schiz
a subtype of schizophrenia marked by extreme disturbances in movement, ranging from total immobility to excessive, purposeless activity.
30
cogntiive symptoms schiz
not ness for diagnosis but common difficulty to sort cards - ie, sort shape vs colour difficulty adapting behaviours
31
limitation in working memory could explain other symptoms
pay attention to every second letter decrease WM
32
early signs of schiz
early probs with - social interactions, less friends lower school performance memory, attention, and impulsive movementabnormalities
33
causes of schiz
egentic prenatal enviroment
34
genetic component of schiz
child w 2 schiz parents MZ twins
35
prenatal factors schiz
living in crowded city (pollution) toxoplasma gondii (parasite - cats) poor nutrition stress premature head injuries season of birth, viral infection
36
neurodevelopmental hypothesis
that the disorder arises from disruptions in normal brain development during early life, leading to altered neural circuits that manifest as symptoms in adolescence or early adulthood.
37
mild brain abnormalaities schiz
less than average gray matter and white matter larger than normal ventricles (more fluid) smaller hippocampus abnorm in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (area matures slow)
38
drug to treat schiz
antisychotic drugs - dopamine - phenothiazines - butyrophenones
39
phenothiazines - butyrophenones
1. include chlorpromazine 2. include halperidol block recpetor of post syn neuron, reduce levels of dopamine in cell
40
dopamine hypothesis
excess activity dopamine activity in the brain - effect antipsychotics - substance induces psyc disorder - twice as many d2 receptors as normal
41
dopamine blocking antipsychotics
dop blocking antipscyhotics relieve positive symtpoms - do not take away cause
42
dopamine blocking antipsychotics side effects
tardive dyskinesia - tremors
43
seconds generation anti
work by balancing dopamine and serotonin activity in the brain, helping with both positive and negative symptoms while causing fewer movement-related side effects than first-generation antipsychotics. indirect effect on glutamate
44
glutamate hypothesis
psych is ass w lower release of glutamate and fewer than normal glut receptors in the prefrontal cortex
45
glutamate hypothesis evidence
larger dose PCP, mimic same schiz symptoms - inhibit NMDA
46
lateralizations
division of labor between the 2 hem is known as laterization info is exhcnaged between hem though corpus callosum
47
interhemispheric connections
- corpus collosum anterior commisssure hippocamal commisure few otehr commissure
48
what do both hem control
trunk and facial muscles
49
language what side of brain
left
50
planum temporale
language center bigger in left side
51
visual what hem
left visual FIELD processed in right hem eye nerves cross at optic chiasm
52
auditory connections hem
each ear sends info to both sides of brain each ear pays more att to the ear on opp side brain must compare inpit from both ears -> localization
53
split brain patients
new ability to use ands ind shortly after surgery hem are in conflict (hands move at diff time) overtime, brain lears to use smaller connections
54
biproduct of intell or specialzied adaptation
ppl w a full size brain and normal overall intelligence can show severe language deficits people with impaired intelligence can have good lang skills
55
williams syndrome
intellectual disability, but a skillfull use of lang
56
cause williams syndrome
deletion of several genes from chromose 7 leads to decreased gray matter, esp in visual processing areas could not draw, but could describe animal
57
senstive period language
not exposed early in life will not learn same fluency learning SECOND lang better when younger after 12, hard to reach same fluency as native speaker
58
brocas (NON FLUENT) area
part of left frontal cortex damage in language production aware of meaning
59
wernickes (FLUENT) aphasia
left auditory cortex poor language comprehension
60
inattentional blindness
change blindess lots of stimuli, hard to focus if don't pay attention to specific feature, miss it
61
bottom up
stimulus drive ie, look at banana in fruit bowl bc bright yellow
62
top down
attention is attentional told to look for apples
63
64
spatial neglect
damage to the right hem tendency to ignore the left side of the body effect is pronounced after stroke
65
spatial neglect probelms ass w
attention not sensation
66
decision making
weigh the evidence different processes when making a binary dec - accumulating evidence in favor for each option
67

Biopsychology and Neuropsychology (7 decks)

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