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Biopsychology and Neuropsychology > WEEK 3 - SENSORY SYSTEMS > Flashcards

WEEK 3 - SENSORY SYSTEMS Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

PERCEPTUAL PROCESS

A

stimulus in the environment

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2
Q

PERCEPTUAL PROCESS: vision

A

light is transformed in the eye and hits the retina

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3
Q

iris

A

coloured area around pupil

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4
Q

pupil

A

opening in iris letting light pass through

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5
Q

cornea

A

outer lens bending light to point on retina

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6
Q

lens

A

changes thickness and curvature to focus near or far - > accommodation

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7
Q

retina

A

surface lined with receptors: rods and cones

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8
Q

fovea

A

highest concentration of receptors

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9
Q

optic nerve:

A

exits eyeball on nasal side

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10
Q

rods

A

= nighttime system
- way more than cones, outside fovea
- high senstivity: dark adaptation
- poor colour vison

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11
Q

cones

A

daytime system
mostly in fovea
fewer outside
lower sensitivity, better detailed vision
colour vision

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12
Q

cones:

A

lateral inhibition - more contrast

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13
Q

rods

A

summed responses - more sensitivity

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14
Q

lateral inhibition

A

sending inhibitory signals across the retina

  • cells nearby are less responsive
  • appear to receive less light

sharpers contrast to emphasize borders

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15
Q

color vision

A

visibe light

rods: b/w no colour
cones: color vision

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16
Q

optic nerve

A

nerve bundle that relays signals from the receptors to the brain

*signal encoded into a pattern of action potentials

*origin of blind spot

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17
Q

label

A
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18
Q

what structure recieves a reveresed image

A

retina

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19
Q

optic chiasm

A

splits left/right visual field
*side signal to superior colliculi

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20
Q

lateral geniculate

A

relay station in thalamus

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21
Q

retinotopic mapping

A

the way your brain organizes visual information

maintained spatial relationships from retina to LGN to primary visual cortex

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22
Q

dorsal stream

A

where or how

ends at parietal lobe
object location
guidance of action

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23
Q

ventral stream

A

what

ends at temportal lobe
object identification, recognition
face rec

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24
Q

recognizing faces

A

highly specialized ability

newborns show preference for right side up faces, & develops gradually

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25
motion perception brain structure
involves all four cortical lobes - both dorsal and ventral streams are involved
26
myopia
nearsightedness
27
hyperopia
farsightedness
28
presbyopia
aging leading to less accommodating lens *correctable with additional lenses or surgery
29
cataracts
cloudy lens, can be surgically replaced by artificial lens
30
visual agnosia
seeing but not recognizing
31
visual agnosia result from
uncorrected blindness brain damage, specifically in ventral path
32
prosopagnosia
specific deficit in recognizing faces
33
prosopagnosia damage from
damage to the fusiform gyrus in inferior temporal lobe
34
where does the signal from the right eye go
both hemispheres depending on visual field
35
where do the inputs from the two eyes cross
optic chiasm but only from crossing visual field
36
what does retinotopic mean
spatial disruption of signals as they arrive on the primary visual cortex
37
depth perception
difference between two eyes help to see more depth
38
audition and vision similarities
perceptual process from sensation to perception coding of waves to neural impulses tototopic (not retinotopic) organization multiple paths from primary auditory cortex
38
sound
air is out into motion which creates standing waves
39
eardrum
vibrates with air pressure waves
40
middle ear ossicles
transmit vibration to oval window
41
oval window
hammer anvil stirrup
42
cochlea
where specific frequencies are encoded - basilar membrane with hair cells (cilia)
43
auditory nerve
encodes stimulus aspects and relays this to primary auditory cortex
44
auditory pathway - from cochlea to
cochlear nucleus inferior colliculus medial geniculate nucleus to primary auditory cortex in superior temporal lob
45
tonotopic organisation
tones are organized from low (inside) to high (outside) in the cochlea
46
how are tones organized in the primary auditory cortex
pitch heigh low (inside), high (outside)
47
spatial perception hearing
differences in arrival time between two ears lead to a detectable difference that drives localization
48
what happens when u change the shape of the pina
changes our sound localization
49
impairments
presbycusis - hearing loss with age - supported by multimodal integration
50
conductive/middle ear deafness
failure to transmit sound waves to the cohclea
51
nerve or inner ear deafness
failure to transmit nerve impulses to the brain
52
tinnitus
constant percept without stimulation can be caused by nerve deadness but also stress
53
how to treat tinnitus
cognitive behaviour therapy
54
why do sounds in left and right ear sometimes merge
bilateral processes
55
mechanical
receptors that respond to pressure, bending, or other distortions
56
types of mechanical
vestibular, somatosensation (touch, pressure, temp, pain)
57
chemical receptors
receptors that respond to specific substances
58
types of chemical receptors
taste, smell
59
vestibular system
wrapped around cochlea three semicircular canals filled with hair cells and fluid signal is processed in brain stem
60
somatosensory
touc, pressure, pain, itch - organized in dermatomes and sensory homunculus different levels of sensitivity in different places different pathways per type of sensation
61
chemical - taste
receptors are taste buds on the papilla of the tongue intended to signal healthy foods traditional taste: sweet, sour, salt, bitter, umani and oleogustus (oily) large ind differences in sensitivity, partly accounted for by genetic factors and hormones
62
chemical - smell
receptors are inside the nose, based on airborne substances sense of flavour in taste mostly dependent on smell sensitivity influenced by hormones
63
Which parts of the cerebral cortex are most likely to deteriorate in Alzheimer’s disease and other conditions?
The areas that mature at the latest age, such as the prefrontal cortex.
64
In which areas of the human brain do some new neurons develop during adulthood?
The hippocampus and the basal ganglia
65
In early brain development, what is the relationship between the sensory systems and muscle movements?
The first muscle movements occur before the sensory systems develop.
66
When Sperry cut a newt’s optic nerve and turned the eye upside down, what happened?
B. Axons of the optic nerve grew back to their original targets.
67
In the sympathetic nervous system, which of the following prevents apoptosis?
Nerve growth factor
68
Why does the spinal cord have the right number of axons to innervate all the muscle cells?
The spinal cord makes an excess of neurons, but those that fail to innervate a muscle die.
69
7. At what age does a person have the largest number of neurons?
Before or shortly after birth
70
If a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, alcohol harms the brain of the fetus not only while it is in the system, but also while it is washing away after drinking. What is the danger while alcohol is washing away?
Overstimulation at glutamate synapses can poison the mitochondria.
71
In the ferret study, what evidence indicated that visual input to the auditory portions of the brain actually produced a visual sensation?
D. Ferrets that learned to turn one way in response to light in the normal eye turned the same way to light in the rewired eye.
72
An enriched environment including social interactions promotes growth of axons and dendrites in laboratory rodents.
Physical activity
73
According to most research, what are the effects of computerized programs to practice memory skills?
Temporary improvement of the skills that were practiced
74
If a person is born blind, what happens to the occipital (“visual”) cortex?
C. Its cells become responsive to touch or hearing.
75
In people who practice violin or other stringed instruments for many years, what changes in the cerebral cortex?
A larger than average portion of the cortex responds to fingers of the left hand.
76
What causes musician’s cramp?
Rewiring of the cerebral cortex
77
What is the most likely biological explanation for increased risky behavior among adolescents?
Increased activity in brain areas that anticipate reward
78
16. Why do many older people continue to hold important jobs in spite of the declines in memory and brain function that are known to occur in old age?

Biopsychology and Neuropsychology (7 decks)

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