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gen. Anat > week 2. chemistry > Flashcards

week 2. chemistry Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Chemical Elements

A

all forms of matter are
made up of these “building blocks”

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2
Q

Atoms

A

smallest units of matter that retain
the chemical characteristics and properties
of an element

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3
Q

Ions

A

an atom that has a positive or
negative charge due to an unequal
amount of protons and electrons

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4
Q

Molecules

A

when 2 or more atoms share
electrons (i.e. O2 or H2O)

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5
Q

Compound

A

a substance that contains
atoms from 2 or more elements (i.e. NaCl,
H2O)

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6
Q

Chemical bonding creates

A

molecules and compounds

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7
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Created by electrical attraction between
cations and anions
– Involves the transfer of electrons from one
atom to another to achieve stability

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8
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Sharing of electrons between atoms

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9
Q

Single covalent bond

A

One electron contributed by each atom

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10
Q

Double covalent bond

A

Two electrons contributed by each atom

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11
Q

Metabolism

A

Metabolism is the sum of all the cellular reactions
of the body at a given moment
– 2 types of reactions: Anabolism and Catabolism
– These reactions are controlled by enzymes

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12
Q

enzymes

A

protiens

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13
Q

Anabolism

A

larger molecules constructed from
smaller molecules. Requires energy (ATP).
These molecules will be used for cells to
function, repair and grow

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14
Q

Catabolism

A

larger molecules broken down into
smaller molecules. Creates energy (ATP). The
ATP generated from this reaction will be used for
the Anabolism reactions.

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15
Q

cellular respiration

A

breakdown of glucose

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16
Q

one glucose = _ ATP

A

36

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17
Q

Cellular respiration steps 1-4

A

glycolysis, formation of Acetyol Co-A, Citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

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18
Q

In a chemical reaction, there is two types…

A

Reactants
• Participants at reaction start
• Usually on the left
– Products
• Generated at end of reaction
• Usually on the right

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19
Q

Activation energy

A

Amount of energy to start a reaction

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20
Q

Enzymes

A

Special proteins that lower the activation
energy for a reaction
– They allow the reaction to occur

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21
Q

Catalysts

A

Compounds that accelerate reactions
without changing themselves
– Reactions continue until equilibrium is
reached
– Enzymes perform as catalysts

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22
Q

Metabolites

A

All molecules that can be synthesized or
decomposed in our bodies
– Processed by enzymatic reactions
– Nutrients

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23
Q

Organic metabolites

A

Always contain carbon and hydrogen
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, ATP, DNA, RNA

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24
Q

inorganic metabolites

A

Generally do not contain carbon and hydrogen
» Examples:water
• many salts
• Acids
• bases

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25
Water
chemical reactions occur in water, and water molecules are also participants in some reactions,
26
intracellular fluid:
found inside the cells (2/3 of body fluid)
27
extracellular fluid
found outside of cells—examples are blood and fluids found between cells (1/3 of body fluid)
27
extracellular fluid
found outside of cells—examples are blood and fluids found between cells (1/3 of body fluid)
28
Electrolytes
control the fluid balance of the body and are important in muscle contraction, energy generation, and almost every major biochemical reaction in the body.
29
acid
proton donor
30
base
proton acceptor
31
pH
More H+ results in a LOWER pH (acid) • Less H+ results in a HIGHER pH (alkaline/base) • pH – a measure derived from the molarity of H+ – a pH of 7.0 is neutral pH – a pH of less than 7 is acidic solution – a pH of greater than 7 is basic solution
32
Carbohydrates
Carbs can be quickly metabolized to generate energy (ATP) for the cell
33
Lipids
Found in all cell membranes (lipid bilayer) – Used as a secondary source for ATP (lipid catabolism)—broken down to generate ATP – Form cholesterol and certain types of hormones – Insulate organs
34
Proteins
a molecule made of smaller units called amino acids,100,000 kimds
35
ATP
body’s most important energy-transfer molecule
36
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Provides instructions for synthesizing all of the body’s proteins • transfers hereditary information from cell to cell and generation to generation
37
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
carries out genetic instruction for synthesizing proteins (brings instructions from DNA to the cell’s ribosomes) • assembles amino acids in the right order to produce proteins • RNA is the molecule responsible for synthesizing the proteins • Three types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
38
Cell theory
1. Cells are building blocks of all plants and animals 2. All new cells come from division of preexisting cells 3. Cells are smallest unit that perform all vital physiological functions
39
Cell division
Production of daughter cells from single cell • Important in organism development and survival • Cells divide because they wear out and need to be replaced, they are damaged, or more cells are needed for growth
40
two types of cell division
1. Mitosis (2 daughter cells, each with 46 chromosomes) 2. Meiosis (sex cells only, each with only 23 chromosomes
41
Cancer
when cells divide out of control—resulting in cells that do not work and take over normal tissue
42
Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
Separates cell contents from extracellular fluid (fluid found outside of cells) • Selectively allows substances in and out of cells (membrane is selectively permeable). The movement is between the intracellular fluid (found inside cells) and the extracellular fluid (found outside of cell)
43
Cytoplasm
Material between cell membrane and nuclear membrane • Colloid containing many proteins
44
Phospholipid bilayer
Mostly comprised of phospholipid molecules in two layers • Hydrophilic heads at membrane surface • Hydrophobic tails on the inside • Isolates cytoplasm from extracellular fluid
45
organelles
Nonmembranous • Not completely enclosed by membranes • In direct contact with cytosol Membranous • Enclosed in a phospholipid membrane • Isolated from cytosol
46
Microvilli
increase surface area for absorption
47
Cytoskeleton
Strength and support • Intracellular movement of structures and materials
48
Ribosomes
site for the synthesis of proteins
49
Peroxisome
Catabolism (breakdown) of fats/other organic compounds • Neutralization of toxic compounds
50
Lysosome
Removal of damaged organelles or pathogens
51
Golgi apparatus
storage, alteration, and packaging of synthesized products
52
Mitochondria
production of 95% of cellular ATP (energy) via a process called CELLULAR RESPIRATION
53
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
synthesis of secretory products, storage, and transport
54
Smooth ER
No attached ribosomes • Synthesizes lipids and phospholipids (used in cell membrane) and steroids (such as hormones). Stores calcium in muscle cells
55
rough er
Ribosomes are attached which give it a “rough” appearance • Produces and modifies proteins. Packages them in vesicles for transport.
56
Nucleus
Control of metabolism • Storage/processing of genetic information • Control of protein synthesis Cells 25
57
DNA parings
A-T, C-G
58
Chromosome
tightly coiled DNA
59
RNA pairings
A-U. T-A. C-G. G-C
60
Simple diffusion
Movement across lipid portion of membrane without a carrier protein or any assistance (substances are allowed to go through lipid bi-layer), HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION
61
Facilitated diffusion
Hydrophilic or large molecules transported across cell membrane by carrier proteins (these are embedded in the cell membrane) HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRAION
62
Active transport
Substances move from low to high concentration so requires ATP • Always facilitated: carrier/protein required
63
Osmosis
Net diffusion of water across a membrane—water moves from high concentration of water to low concentration of water (
64
Hypotonic
ECF (extracellular fluid) has a lower concentration of salt/solutes than the cell • Causes osmotic flow into cell • Cell will burst
65
Hypertonic
ECF has a higher concentration of salt/solutes than the cell • Causes osmotic flow out of cell • Example: crenation of RBCs
66
Why is cell membrane transport important?
Cells will die very quickly if they allow anything in and out

gen. Anat (13 decks)

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