Week 2. Lecture 4 Flashcards
What are some determinants of health?
Genetics, individual behavior(diet, exercise), social circumstances(education, SES), environmental and physical influences(toxins, microbial agents), and health services
What are social determinants of health?
Conditions in which people are born, live, learn, work, and play, all of which typically would impact their health outcomes. These conditions and outcomes are shaped by the distribution
of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels
What is healthy people 2030?
A health disparity as “a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage
What is a health disparity?
Effects on groups of people who have systematically experienced greater obstacles to health based on their race, religion, SES
gender, age, mental health, sexual orientation, geographic location, or other characteristics historically
linked to discrimination or exclusion
What is the current status of health education in the 21st century?
Behavioral patterns are the single most prominent
domain of influence over health prospects in the United States
What are some examples of chronic diseases?
Asthma, chronic renal disease, diabetes, glaucoma, hypertension, heart disease, cancer, and stroke. Most common in the 1950s to 2023
What are some example of infectious diseases?
HIV, COVID,MERS, Ebola, dengue fever, hepatitis A/B/C, influenza, measles, TB, STDs. Most common in the 1850s to 1950s and again 2019+
What is a communicable disease?
Diseases caused by biological agents and are
transmissible from person-to-person such as influenza and HIV
What is a non-communicable disease?
Diseases that cannot be transmitted from an
infected person to a healthy one such as cancer and heart disease
What is true about communicable diseases?
All communicable diseases are infectious but not all infections are communicable. For example, tetanus can cause infection but a person with tetanus can’t spread it to other people
What is epidemiological data?
It is collected to understand mechanisms, causation, monitoring, prevention, and translation to treatment. Also surveys, samples, and can be quantitative or probabilistic
What are some ways to measure health or health status OR are also classification of disease significance?
Endemics, epidemics, or pandemics
What is an endemic?
Disease that occurs regularly in a population and is expected to continue to occur such as chicken pox, malaria, or tuberculosis
What is an epidemic?
An outbreak of an unexpectedly large # of cases of a disease within
a defined population such as west nile virus, food borne outbreak, or measles
What is a pandemic?
An outbreak of an unexpectedly large # of cases of a disease over a wide geographic area, region, country or global such as HIV/AIDS or COVID
What is mortality?
special case of incidence measure where cases are death
What are some measures that are used for mortality?
crude mortality(risk), age-specific mortality(risk), cause-specific mortality(risk), proportionate mortality. All are proportions
What is the formula for crude mortality?
all deaths/pop size
What is the formula for age-specific mortality?
deaths in age/pop of the same age
What is the formula for cause-specific mortality?
death due to cause/pop size
What is the formula to proportionate mortality?
case due to cause/all deaths
What is life expectancy?
At birth, at 65 years of age, at 75 years of age
What is years of potential life lost(YPLL)?
difference between 75 years of age and age at death. Used for premature mortality
What is years live with disability(YLD)?
is a cause specific measure of disability calculated as
“incident cases X average time of disease to death or remission X disease
specific disability weight”
