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Flashcards in Week 3 Deck (47)
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1
Q

Define ‘verbal information’

A

Names or labels, facts and bodies of knowledge

2
Q

Define ‘intellectual skills’

A

Mastery of concepts and rules

3
Q

Define ‘motor skills’

A

Coordination of physical movement

4
Q

Define ‘attitude’

A

A combination of beliefs and feelings that predispose a person to behave in a certain way

5
Q

Define ‘cognitive strategies’

A

Strategies that regulate the learning processes; they relate to the learn’s decision regarding what information to attend to, how to remember and how to solve problems.

6
Q

List the seven learning theories

A
Reinforcement theory
Social learning theory
Goal theories (goal-setting theory and goal orientation)
Needs theory
Expectancy theory
Adult learning theory
Information-processing theories
7
Q

Define ‘reinforcement theory’

A

A theory asserting that people are motivated to perform or avoid certain behaviours because of past outcomes that have resulted from those behaviours

8
Q

Define ‘social learning theory’

A

A theory asserting that people learn by observing other people (role models) who they believe are credible and knowledgeable.

9
Q

Explain ‘reinforcement theory’

A

Emphasises that people are motivated to perform or avoid certain behaviours because of past outcomes that have resulted from those behaviours.
Reinforcement theory includes several processes:
-positive reinforcement
-negative reinforcement
-extinction
-punishment
From a training perspective, it suggests that the trainer needs to identify what outcomes the learner finds most positive (and negative) for learners to:
-acquire knowledge
-change behaviour
-modify skills.
Trainers then need to link these outcomes to learners acquiring knowledge, skills or changing behaviours.

10
Q

Explain ‘social learning theory’

A

This emphasises that people learn by observing other individuals (models) whom they believe are credible and knowledgeable.
It recognises that behaviour that is reinforced or rewarded tends to be repeated.
The models’ behaviour or skill that is rewarded is adopted by the observer.
Learning is influenced by a person’s self-efficacy—a person’s judgment about whether they can successfully learn knowledge and skills.

11
Q

Define ‘self-efficacy’

A

Employees’ belief that they can successfully perform their job or learn the content of a training program

12
Q

Define ‘verbal persuasion’

A

Offering word of encouragement to convince other that they can learn

13
Q

Define ‘modeling’

A

Having employees who have mastered the desired learning outcomes demonstrate them for trainees

14
Q

Define ‘goal-setting theory’

A

A theory assuming that behaviour results from a person’s conscious goals and intentions

15
Q

Explain ‘goal-setting theory’

A

This theory assumes that behaviour results from a person’s conscious goals and intentions.
Specific challenging goals result in better performance than vague, unchallenging goals.
Learning can be facilitated by providing employees with specific, challenging goals.
SMART goals: Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-bound

16
Q

Explain ‘need theories’

A

These theories help explain the value that a person places on certain outcomes.
- Basic needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, self-actualizing needs
A need is a deficiency that a person is experiencing at any point in time.
Needs theories suggest that to motivate learning:
trainers should identify trainees’ needs, and
communicate how training program content relates to fulfilling these needs.
If the basic needs of trainees are not met, they are unlikely to be motivated to learn.

17
Q

Outline the components of Alderfer’s ERG needs-theory

A

Existence
Relatedness
Growth

18
Q

Outline the components of McClelland’s needs-theory

A

Achievement
Affiliation
Power

19
Q

Define ‘expectancy’

A

Belief about the link between trying to perform a behaviour (or effort) and actually performing well: the mental state that the learner brings to the instructional process

20
Q

Explain ‘expectancy theory’

A

This theory suggests that learning is most likely to occur when employees believe:
they can learn the content of the program (expectancy)
learning is linked to outcomes such as better job performance, a salary increase or peer recognition (instrumentality).
It also suggests that learning is most likely to occur when employees value the two outcomes above.

21
Q

Define ‘instrumentality’

A

In expectancy theory, a belief that performing a given behaviour is associated with a particular outomce

22
Q

Define ‘valence’

A

The value that a person places on an outcome

23
Q

Explain adult learning theory

A

This theory is based on several assumptions about adults.

  • need to know why they are learning something.
  • have a need to be self-directed.
  • bring more work-related experiences into the learning situation.
  • enter into a learning experience with a problem-centred approach to learning.
  • are motivated to learn by both extrinsic and intrinsic motivators.
24
Q

Define ‘andragogy’

A

The theory of adult learning

25
Q

Explain ‘information-processing theories’

A

This theory stresses internal processes occurring when training content is learned. It highlights how external events influence learning informing the learner of the objectives to establish an expectation)

  • cues such as diagrams and maps to suggest ways to
  • code training content so it can be stored in memory.
26
Q

Outline the seven implications of the learning process for instruction

A

Employees need to:

  1. know why they should learn
  2. have meaningful training content
  3. have opportunities to practice
  4. commit training content to memory
  5. receive feedback.
  6. learn through:
    • observation
    • experience
    • interacting with others.
  7. need the training program to be properly coordinated and arranged.
27
Q

Define ‘instruction’

A

The adaption of the learning environment in which learning is to occur

28
Q

Define ‘expectancy’

A

Belief about the link between trying to perform a behaviour (or effort) and actually performing well; the mental state that the learner brings to the instructional process.

29
Q

Define ‘perception’

A

The ability to organise a message from the environment so it can be processed and acted upon.

30
Q

Define ‘working storage’

A

The rehearsal and reputation of information, allowing it to be coded for memory.

31
Q

Define ‘rehearsal’

A

A learning strategy focusing on learning through repetition (memorization)

32
Q

Define ‘organising’

A

A learning strategy that requires the learner to find similarities and themes in the training material.

33
Q

Define ‘retrieval’

A

The identification of learnt material in long-term memory and the use of it to influence performance.

34
Q

Define ‘generalising’

A

Adapting learning for use in similar but not identical situations.

35
Q

Define ‘gratifying’

A

The feedback that a learner receive from using learning content’

36
Q

Define ‘metacognition’

A

A learning strategy whereby trainees direct their attention to their own learning process.

37
Q

Define ‘advance organisers’

A

Outlines, texts, diagrams and graphs that help trainees to organise information that will be presented and practiced.

38
Q

Define ‘error management training’

A

Training in which trainees are given opportunities to make errors, which can aid learning and improve trainees’ performance on the job.

39
Q

Define ‘whole practice’

A

A training approach in which all tasks or objectives are practiced at the same time.

40
Q

Define ‘part practice’

A

Training approach which each objective or task is practiced individually as soon as it is introduced in a training program.

41
Q

Define ‘automatisation’

A

Making the performance of a task, recall of knowledge, or demonstration of a skill so automatic that it requires little thought or attention.

42
Q

Explain the questions employees want answered for ‘employees need to know why they should learn’

A

What is the objective?
Why am I doing this?
What are the training goals?

43
Q

Explain the the components of ‘employees need meaningful training content’

A
Link to current /past experience
Tell success stories from trainees
Link to organisational goals and strategy
Good and bad examples – relevant
Make choices
44
Q

Explain components of ‘employees need opportunities to practice’

A
Physical or mental rehearsal
Case studies
Simulations, games, 
How to apply on the job – eg call centre
advance organisers – eg overview 
Overlearning
Error management training
45
Q

Outline the components of ‘employees need feedback’

A

Positive and negative
Specific
How to improve

46
Q

Explain how ‘employees learn through observation, experience and interacting with others’

A

Onsite training

47
Q

Explain how ‘employees need the training program to be properly coordinated and arranged’

A

Notice, details, dates etc
Enrolling
Preparing materials and activities
Room, equipment etc