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1
Q

What clients are rehabilitated for communication disorders?

A

Patients who already have language skills (typically older adults)

2
Q

The order of structures in a neuron (peripheral nervous system):

  1. dendrites
  2. nucleus
  3. soma
  4. axon
  5. myelin sheath
  6. Schwann cell
  7. node of Ranvier
A

axon terminal

3
Q

Cell bodies in neurons are considered _ matter

A

grey

4
Q

Axons in neurons are considered _ matter

A

white

5
Q

Fibre tracts a.k.a.

A

axons

6
Q

Fibre tracts can range from 1 mm to _

A

1 m long

7
Q

Between the axons are covered with myelin sheath, and are separated by

A

Nodes of Ranvier

8
Q

_ control myelination in the peripheral n ervous system

A

Schwann cells

9
Q

control myelination in the central nervous system

A

oligodendrocytes

10
Q

Action potentials are _ signals

A

electrochemical

11
Q

_ nerves move from the central nervous system, whereas _ nerves move to the central nervous system

A

Efferent/motor move from, afferent/perception move to

12
Q

The hemispheres and lobes are a part of the

A

cerebrum

13
Q

The reticular formation is involved with _

A

levels of alertness and consciousness

14
Q

The reticular formation is a structure located in the

A

brain stem

15
Q

The _ is involved with coordination of movement, motor learning, posture, and other aspects not completely known

A

cerebellum

16
Q

According to Donald Hebb, _ that wire together, fire together

A

neural circuits

17
Q

Action potentials tend to skip across axons, in a _ fashion

A

saltatory

18
Q

The _ fibres connect lobes to other lobes

A

association

19
Q

Neural development is mediated by

A

genetics

20
Q

Newborn neurons develop mostly _ birth (location and connectivity determined _)

A

before birth;

determined in utero

21
Q

Neural development continues after birth. True or false?

A

True

22
Q

Considering the example of a family of multilinguists with an advanced Perisylvian fissure, this aspect of their neurology would be explained due to their _

A

neural development

23
Q

According to the _ syndrome, seizures are due to the environment, whether from hot weather, fever, etc.

A

Dravet

24
Q

Neural changes are due to external stimuli/sensory, according to the _ aspect of neurology

A

neuroplasticity

25
Q

Neuroplasticity is involved with changes due to _, or responses

A

internal reorganization

26
Q

Most neurons are developed by the _ gestational week

A

25th week/8 months, 1 week

27
Q

Possible neurogenesis occurs later in the hippocampus, olfactory region, and _ during prenatal development

A

cerebellum

28
Q

Neural tubes differentiate into _

A

various parts of the brain - cerebrum, brain stem, etc.

29
Q

The greatest increase in surface and folding of the cerebral cortex occurs during the _ period

A

prenatal period

30
Q

A _% increase in brain size occurs in the first 2 years

A

350

31
Q

Glial cells, synaptic growth, myelination result in brain growth _-natally

A

post

32
Q

Neurons migrate to various regioins and then _ guide axons to synapse with other neurons

A

growth cones

33
Q

Glial cells are _ cells in neurology

A

support

34
Q

Pruning occurs postnatally, also referred to as preprogrammed cell death or _, which involves the less efficient or redundant _ die off

A

apoptosis;

neural pathways

35
Q

What is often a circumstance of clients with brain damage post-injury?

A

needing to be mroe deliberate in their actions, since they likely cannot rely on automated ones due to neural pathway and/or myelination damages

36
Q

_ strategies appear helpful when dealing with a client with brain damage post-injury

A

Compensatory strategies

e.g., pre-empting phrases to get an answer, such as “do you want to go for a drive in the _?”

37
Q

If asking about compensatory strategies in the environment as accounting for change, what does this suggest about changes in the brain?

A

there are no endogenous changes in the brain

38
Q

In neural damage post-injury, damage can occur to both the cell body and the

A

axons

39
Q

_ in damaged tissue is due to an impaired blood-brain barrier

A

swelling, or aedema

40
Q

Swelling/aedema may be indicative of a

A

potential clot

41
Q

Infiltration of infectionfighting cells in the brain post-injury is known as

A

neutrophils

42
Q

After _, swelling starts to reduce in neural processes post-injury, which suggests why progress is often visible later on, despite poor functioning immediately after the incident

A

1 week

43
Q

_ travel to the site of lesion and engulfs debris even as soon as 24 hours post-injury in the brain

A

microglia

44
Q

_ form scar tissue in the brain around smaller lesions

A

Astrocytes

45
Q

Axonal regeneration is better in the _ than the _, perhaps due to a growth protein present in _ but not in _

A

PNS more than CNS, with growth protein more present in PNS than CNS

46
Q

Schwann cells exist in the _NS, whereas _ cells exist in the _NS

A

PNS

oligodendrocytes in CNS

47
Q

The great thing about neural processes post-injury is that adjacent neuronal tissue may

A

take on new functions or reorganize across hemispheres

48
Q

_ is the creation of new neurons

A

neurogenesis

49
Q

Neuronal _ is the changing of neuronal structures as a part of neuroplasticity

A

migration

50
Q

Dendritic _ occurs along with axon and dendritic growth, myelination and pruning in typical neuroplasticity

A

arborization

51
Q

the development of new synapses in neuroplasticity is known as

A

synaptogenesis

52
Q

“Neurons that fire together, wire together” is donald Hebb’s description of

A

the development of neuronal circuits

53
Q

Cortical fields/circuits are involved in learning and neuroplasticity by their

A

establishment and/or modification

54
Q
Factors affecting plasticity and learning include:
genetics
sensory and motor experience
drugs
neurotropic factors
rewards
aging
stress
diet
magnetic/electrical stimulation
exercise and
A

pre-injury learning!

55
Q

The most influential neurotropic factor that affects plasticity and learning is _, which encourages neural functioning

A

brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF)

56
Q

The single most replicable finding of what affects plasticity and learning: greater and improvement and change in adults is found in _

A

stimulating and complex environments

57
Q

What does the most replicable finding in factors of plasticity and learning not hold for, and why?

A

complex and stimulating environments may not be helpful for children, especially those with ASD, because excess stimuli can cause their functioning to shut down

58
Q

Whose finding in the factors affecting plastcity and learning suggest that [adults] improve and change best in a complex and stimulating environment?

A

Kolb et al., 2011

59
Q

Prior to the 1980s, it was thought that neural architecture development was…

A

non-existent past early childhood

60
Q

In childhood, it is clear that there are certain _ in neuroplasticity

A

sensitive periods

e.g., Kuhl and speech perception, pimprinting, etc.

61
Q

Neuroplastic changes occurring passively during childhood is associated with _ working memory

A

procedural working memory

62
Q

In adulthood, plasticity occurs…

A

albeit at a smaller scale

63
Q

In adulthood, usually plasticity occurs as a result of

A

strong stimuli, requiring the individual to work harder to get results

64
Q

In adults, neuroplasticity is associated with requiring _ attention, as associated with _ working memory

A

conscious attention

declarative working memory

65
Q

CVAs are

A

cardiovascular accidents

66
Q

TBIs are

A

traumatic brain injuries

67
Q

Following brain injury, increased recruitment of regions in the DAMAGED hemisphere is associated with

A

improved skills (more access to those regions means greater likelihood of success in regular activities)

68
Q

Following brain injury, reorganization may also include the complementary tissue in the _

A
contralateral hemisphere (as a back-up!)
e.g., hemispherectomy often show neuroplasticity in remaining hemisphere, albeit more slow
69
Q

Considerable _ exists in the cortical changes across victims

A

variability!

70
Q

Variability of cortical changes in brain injured victims is associated with:
the number of individuals who recruit only affected hemisphere compared to those who recruit the contralateral
hemisphere as well
and…

A

the extent of regions that are recruited

71
Q

A great example of reorganization in the complementary tissues in the contralateral hemisphere is when Broca’s area (left) is damaged [associated with rapid-fire processing], the complementary tissues in the right hemisphere associated with _ can pick up the pace, albeit with _

A

intonation
slower-processing
e.g., less automatic tasks can be done, such as differentiating [p] and [b], requiring more CONSCIOUS attention

72
Q

The video we watched in class regarding kids with _ show that some improve with a total left hemispherectomy, which unfortunately shows _ in the right-side, resulting in little to no expression, but relatively high comprehension, much like a _ aphasic individual

A

epilepsy
paralysis in right side if hemispherectomy on the left
high comprehension but low expression is associated with Broca’s aphasia, and is what would be visible in these kids following the procedure

73
Q

It has been repeatedly found that there is not always a direct relationship between brain damage and the _

A

clinical/behavioural presentation

74
Q

Two possibilities for why a direct relationship doesn’t always occur with TBI and behavioural presentation:

1) cognitive reserve:
- neural reserve i.e., brain networks were active and flexible pre-injury
- neural compensation i.e., utilisation of other circuits not usually used to taking on new functions
and. ..

A

brain reserve capacity - physical attributes such as brain size, number of synpases

75
Q

Brain networks present pre-injury refer to neural…

A

reserve

76
Q

Utilisation of other circuits not usually used to taking on new functions post-injury refer to neural…

A

compensationi

77
Q

What is likely for the two possibilities for why a direct relationship doesn’t always occur with TBI and behavioural presentation?

A

they work together

78
Q

Those with higher IQ, greater educational attainment, reading skills, occupational attainment, etc. are more likely to _

A

do better with a similar brain insult/injury compared to those with lower levels on these measures

79
Q

Early intervention and _ are the most effective rehabilitation strategies, even past “critical periods”

A

intense training

80
Q

Neuroplasticity still is in effect _, but usually requires conscious effort and more work, therefore requiring support for intervention

A

into advanced age

81
Q

New therapies emerging for brain insult rehabilitation include: neurotropic factors (BDNF), rTMS, electrical stimulation, and

A

neuroprotectants

82
Q

Some evidence suggests that intervening _ results in poorer outcomes

A

too early or too intensively post-injury

83
Q

rtMS is

A

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

84
Q

In the film “Discovering the human brain: New pathways to neuroscience, with Susan Bookheimer”, she presents the research that takes place at

A

the Brain Mapping Center, UCLA

85
Q

What process requires the use of all four lobes?

A

reading

86
Q

Susan Bookheimer suggests that there are _ neurons in the adult body

A

100 billion neurons

87
Q

The three types of brain-imaging techniques include:

electromagnetic, stimulation, and

A

haemodynamic

88
Q

Stimulation techniques are basically

A

a mix of electromagnetic and haemodynamic techniques

89
Q

EEG/ERPs and MEG are examples of _ techniques

A

electromagnetic

90
Q

MRI, fMRI, PET, DTI, and NIRS are examples of _ techniques

A

haemodynamic

91
Q

rTMS is an example of _ techniques

A

stimulation brain-imaging techniques

92
Q

Language is often focused on using _, and how different populations’ results change compared to circumstances

A

ERPs

93
Q

_ measures water molecules and how they line up by noting the connectivity of axons and seeing where different pathways exist

A

diffusion-tensor imaging

94
Q

_ connections, including primary auditory or visual areas can easily be shown as hyper-connected and indicative of extreme sensitivity, based on

A

diffusion-tensor imaging

95
Q

_ are magnetic pulses that can show CAUSAL relationships by suppressing or adding stimulation to areas to see how an individual responds

A

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

96
Q

Progression of studies in brain imaging:

information was initially found from

A

autopsies (Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, etc.)

97
Q

the _ of the mid 20th century captured EEGs

A

electron microscope

98
Q

In the 1960s, these studies in brain imaging began:

A

EEG, ERP, and MEG studies

99
Q

In the 1990s, these studies in brain imaging began:

A

PET

100
Q

fMRI emerged and predominanted in brain imaging from

A

1997 to 2001

101
Q

Important improvements in spatial definition of language areas occurred in

A

2002 to 2006

102
Q

Greater emphasis on using imaging data to test cognitive/psycholinguistic models of language occured in

A

2007 to the present

103
Q

N100 denotes a _ that is created 100 _ after an auditory or visual stimulus, as measured with a _ machine

A

waveform
msec
EEG

104
Q

M100 is specific to

A

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

105
Q

PET is not commonly used due to the need for

A

ingesting positron glucose (carcinogenic?)

106
Q

The neuroimaging techniques best for measuring time are

A

EEGs and MEGs

107
Q

The neuroimaging techniques best for measuring location are:

A

fMRI, PET, NIRS, and DTI

108
Q

Electromagnetic techniques are best for _-based research, whereas haemodynamic techniques are best for _-based research

A

time-based/electromagnetic

location-based/haemodynamic

109
Q

The electroencephalogram is referred to as

A

EEG

110
Q

EEG measure _ from neuronal firing, i.e. direct measure of neuronal activity

A

voltage changes from neuronal firing

111
Q

In EEGs, signals are _ and _ compared to a reference point

A

averaged and filtered

112
Q

ERPs are known as

A

event-related potentials

113
Q

ERPs are associated with

A

language processing

114
Q

Several components related to language have been identified from the _ nerve and into the _ cortex

A

auditory nerve, and auditory cortex

115
Q

Latencies and _ of EEG waves are informative

A

amplitudes

116
Q

Latencies in EEGs are

A

time gone by since stimuli was presented

e.g., N100 approximtaedly 100 msec in normal people

117
Q

If a N100 occurs in normal-hearing people, would those with hearing issues be different?

A

yes, certainly longer

118
Q

Amplitudes in EEG note the

A

distance from peak if wave form to base

119
Q

Amplitude refers to the strength, or _ of a waveform

A

robustness

120
Q

N400 is helpfull for determining

A

processing vocabulary

121
Q

P600 indicates a wave form is _ to baseline

A

positive, whereas N600 would be negative (not aware if N600 is an actual measure)

122
Q

P600 is associated with

A

processing GRAMMAR

123
Q

Magnetoencephalography is the _ equivalent to EEG

A

magnetic

124
Q

MEG measures direct information from _ and _ neural activity

A

evoked and spontaneous

125
Q

MEG offer good _ and _ resolution

A

temporal and spatial

126
Q

MEG is _-/invasive

A

non-invasive

127
Q

MEG is _ available, and very _

A

not usually avaialble; very expensive

128
Q

MEGs are _ in volume

A

quiet

129
Q

Language-related ERPs:

One that is present at birth, absent in some dyslexic individuals, and is a categorical perception is

A

MMN or mismatch negativity

130
Q

Language-related ERPs:

this is associated with native language sounds

A

MMN (present at birth)

131
Q

Language-related ERPs:

this ERP is found at 300 msec/N300

A

PMN or phonological mapping negativity

132
Q

Language-related ERPs:
this ERP is associated with prosodic processing/phrasing, developed very early, and may help identify syntact phrase boundaries

A

CPS or closure positive shift

133
Q

CPS or closure positive shift is associated with

A

segmentation

134
Q

PMN or phonological mapping negativity is associated with

A

acknowledging different speech sounds

135
Q

MMN or mismatch negativity is associated with

A

deciphering native speech sounds

136
Q

The order of ERPs in language development are:

  1. MMN
  2. CPS
  3. N400
  4. ?
A

ELAN - P600

137
Q

MMN is associated with discriminating phonemes, which typically occurs at

A

2 months old

138
Q

CPS is associated with discrimination of word stress patterns and BEFORE identification of intonational boundaries, at approximately

A

7 months old (or just over 0.5 years old)

139
Q

N400 is associated with lexical processing (both form and semantics), and predates sentence processing, at approximately

A

18 months old (or 1.5 years old)

140
Q

ELAN-P600 is associated with sentence processing, by understanding selectional restriction of verbs, and coinciding with local phrase structure building and understanding morphosyntactic processes by age

A

32 to 36 months (or 3 years old)

141
Q

_ involves intravenous radioactive markers for measuring glucose metabolism

A

PET/positron emission tomography

142
Q

PETs are quiet/loud?

A

quiet

143
Q

PETs are invasive?

A

somewhat - ingesting radioactive marker

144
Q

PETs are expensive?

A

yep

145
Q

PETs are more widely available?

A

not really

146
Q

PET are better than fMRI for researching some aspects of language, especially _ and connected speech

A

spoken language

147
Q

_ detects levels of oxygen in response to neural activity

A

fMRI - functional magnetic resonance imaging

148
Q

What effect is measured in fMRI?

A

BOLD - “blood oxygen level dependent effect”

149
Q

_ can probe areas deep in the brain

A

fMRI

150
Q

fMRI is quiet/loud?

A

loud

151
Q

fMRI restricts movement?

A

yes

152
Q

What is very commonly used on neurolinguistic research, with new modifications improving on limitations?

A

fMRI

153
Q

What is better for _: fMRI or PET?

volume of machine

A

PET - more quiet

154
Q

What is better for _: fMRI or PET?

temporal resolution

A

fMRI

155
Q

What is better for _: fMRI or PET?

spatial resolution

A

fMRI

156
Q

What is better for _: fMRI or PET?

invasiveness

A

fMRI - no need for exposure to radiation

157
Q

What is better for _: fMRI or PET?

sensitivity to artifacts when subjects are speaking

A

fMRI

158
Q

What is better for _: fMRI or PET?

research relating to auditory comprehension and speech production, especially past the single word level

A

PET

159
Q

Structural MRI is referred to as

A

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

160
Q

_ tracks diffusion of water molecules in the brain, showing white matter tracts/fibres

A

diffusion tensor imaging

161
Q

DTI tracks diffucion of water molecules in the brain, showing _ matter tracts/fibres

A

white

162
Q

DTI is non-/invasive?

A

noninvasive

163
Q

DTI are quiet/loud?

A

loud

164
Q

DTI require movement restrictions?

A

yes

165
Q

DTI provides good

A

spatial data

166
Q

_ may misidentify tracts both positively and negatively

A

DTI!

167
Q

_ is an INdirect measure of neuronal activity, by using reflective light measures to measure changes in oxygen levels in hemoglobin

A

near infrared spectography (NIRS)

168
Q

_ is low in cost, has relatively low sensitivity to head movement, and is such is very useful for young children and babies

A

Near infrared spectrography (NIRS)

169
Q

_ products, NOT detects, brain activity

A

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation rTMS

170
Q

_ applies magnetic fields through the scalp, creating a “virtual” lesion, which can demonstrate causality

A

rTMS

171
Q

rTMS are non-invasive?

A

noninvasive, enabling repetitive assessment on same subject

172
Q

_ is the study of the cellular composition of the central nervous system’s tissues under the microscope

A

cytoarchitecture

173
Q

Cytoarchitecture of the cerebrum is the study of the _ composition of the _NS’ tissues under a microscope:

A

cellular

central nervous system

174
Q
Many different kinds of neurons are found in the cerebral cortex, including: 
_ cells, 
basket cells, 
granular cells, and
interneurons
A

pyramidal

175
Q

Different arrangements/features are shown of _ and axons in the cytoarchitecture of cerebrum

A

dendrites

176
Q

The size and shape of neurons or their distribution in a given area likely has _ significance

A

functional

177
Q

Much of the cytoarchitecture of cerebrum has been learned from postmortem brains (referred to as _ research), but increasingly _ is playing a role

A

histological

neural imaging

178
Q

_ studied the microstructure of the cerebral cortex in 1909, developing a map of more than _ areas that are still used in imaging studies today

A

Brodmann

40

179
Q

The cellular structure of specific cerebral cortex areas is known as

A

cytoarchitecture

180
Q

Identifying _ is critical in cytoarchitecture as cellular structural differences result in different kinds of neuronal function

A

identifying borders between areas in cortical cellular structures

181
Q

Hagoort suggests that Broca’s area should be referred to as

A

Broca’s complex

182
Q

Historically, Brocas area = Brodmann area(s):

A

44 and 45

183
Q

Brodmann areas 44 (pars opercularis) and 45 (pars triangularis) refer to

A

Broca’s area

184
Q

Brodmann’s area 44 is associated with

A

dysfluent speech; articulatory problems

185
Q

Brodmann’s area 45 is associated with

A

language problems

186
Q

Implications for brain imaging studies:

does Broca’s area include just BA44 and 45, or also BA_ and BA_?

A

47 and 6

187
Q

Implications for brain imaging studies:
Recent research with high level cytoarchitectonic information from histological studies paired with well-designed functioning imaging studies is providing what?

A

more complete understanding of complex underlying functions of more deeply defined regions