Week 2

Question 1

Cognitive process involve:
attentional skills,
working memory, and

Answer 1

inhibition/self-control

Question 2

Attentional skills require volition and

Answer 2

inhibition

Question 3

Focused attention is associated with the - process of attention, primarily in the _ lobes, and the _ _

Answer 3

top-down
frontal
basal ganglia

Question 4

Stimulus-driven attention-distractibility is associated with the - process of attention, primarily in the _, and / lobes

Answer 4

bottom-up
brainstem
parietal/temporal lobes

Question 5

Why do some autistic individuals have issues with attention?

Answer 5

their acute senses may be distracting

Question 6

Effects of the _ _ are associated with poorer attention skills in this generation

Answer 6

modern environment

e.g., multi-tasking

Question 7

ADHD is divided into three attention types:
predominantly inattentive,
combined, and

Answer 7

predominantly hyperactive-impulsive

Question 8

Predominantly inattentive individuals with ADHD are associated with distinctly different characteristics to two other forms, damage/lack of maturation in the prefrontal cortex and parietal connections, and

Answer 8

childhood onset “dysexecutive syndrome”

Question 9

ADHD individuals with predominantly hyperactive-impulsive attentionality are associated with issues in

Answer 9

levels of dopamine

Question 10

Combined types of ADHD in attentionality are associated with:
abnormalities in dopamine-mediated prefrontal-striatal-cerebellar networks, and

Answer 10

respond to stimulant medications, but not their absence (controversial to use psychotropic drugs)

Question 11

Previously, ADHD was typically diagnosed by parent/teacher reports, but now we use

Answer 11

objective methods

e.g., helmet movement and game accuracy to assess attention

Question 12

according to Sohlberg and Mateer (1987), components of attentional skills include:
basic arousal,
selective attention,
alternating attention, divided attention and

Answer 12

sustained attention

Question 13

according to Sohlberg and Mateer (1987), components of attentional skills include:
basic arousal,
selective attention,
alternating attention, sustained attention and

Answer 13

divided attention

Question 14

according to Sohlberg and Mateer (1987), components of attentional skills include:
basic arousal,
divided attention,
alternating attention, sustained attention and

Answer 14

selective attention

Question 15

Sustained attention is associated with vigilance and

Answer 15

working memory

Question 16

Selective attention is the ability to

Answer 16

withstand distraction

Question 17

Alternating attention between sources/shifting is associated with

Answer 17

mental flexibility

Question 18

Divided attention is associated with

Answer 18

response to two or more stimuli simultaneously

Question 19

The two attention skills associated with multi-tasking are:

alternating attention between sources/shifting and

Answer 19

divided attention

Question 20

Interventions for attentional issues include: process approaches that _ address attentional components, including - learning

Answer 20

behaviourally

computer-based

Question 21

Interventions for attentional issues include:

_ activity/ _ stimulation, which is supposed to promote overall neural _

Answer 21

physical
tactile
circuitry

Question 22

Interventions for attentional issues include:

_ studies are revealing support of the use of medications, with evidence of _ changes

Answer 22

neuroimaging

neuroplastic

Question 23

Medications are shown to help attentional skills by allowing the individual to

Answer 23

focus on practiced skills to later improve circuitry and with the potential of not needing medication any longer

Question 24

What type of attentional intervention is associated with a historical lack of scientific support, but is still promising

Answer 24

neurofeedback

Question 25

An essential reason to improve attention is the individual's own _ to do so

Answer 25

motivation

Question 26

According to Boyd (2011), auditory short term memory is

Answer 26

the ability to only REPEAT information, but not to actively perform cognitive action with that information (i.e. recognition)

Question 27

According to Boyd (2011), auditory working memory is

Answer 27

information held for a short period of time and manipulated in some way to do a task

Question 28

What type of auditory memory has a limited capacity (about 4 pieces of information, or the number of verbal items one can say/sign in 2 seconds):

Answer 28

working memory

Question 29

According to Boyd (2011), auditory working memory is NOT related to

Answer 29

intellectual abilities, although WM is definitely useful!

Question 30

Is there continuous transfer between working memory and long-term memory?

Answer 30

yes

Question 31

``` Comorbidity of poor working memory is associated with: specific language impairment, global developmental delays, autism spectrum disorders, traumatic brain injuries, strokes, dementias, and ```

Answer 31

learning disabilities

Question 32

``` Comorbidity of poor working memory is associated with: learning disabilities global developmental delays, autism spectrum disorders, traumatic brain injuries, strokes, dementias, and ```

Answer 32

specific language impairment,

Question 33

``` Comorbidity of poor working memory is associated with: learning disabilities global developmental delays, autism spectrum disorders, specific language impairment, strokes, dementias, and ```

Answer 33

traumatic brain injuries,

Question 34

``` According to Cowan, the types of verbal working memory are: sensory phonological articulatory lexical semantic syntactic constructed scene priming activation ```

Answer 34

intended speech

Question 35

``` According to Cowan, the types of verbal working memory are: sensory phonological articulatory lexical intended speech syntactic constructed scene priming activation ```

Answer 35

semantic

Question 36

``` According to Cowan, the types of verbal working memory are: sensory phonological semantic lexical intended speech syntactic constructed scene priming activation ```

Answer 36

articulatory

Question 37

What is a constructed scene in verbal working memory?

Answer 37

"painting a scene" e.g., the box is by the washing machine

Question 38

Individuals can recall as many items as they can verbally produce in 2 seconds, and verbal rehearsal can support holding verbal information longer in order to relay it to LTM. What process is this referring to?

Answer 38

the phonological loop in working memory

Question 39

Working memory deficits are exhausting because

Answer 39

they require extra effort to retain information

Question 40

How are memories lost? decay (over a few seconds) capacity limitations (overload) specific interference and

Answer 40

loss of context (change of situation, retrieval cues are no longer present)

Question 41

Loss of context is associated with losing memories according to age. What is an example of this?

Answer 41

remembering thing to do when in a different room

Question 42

Implications of working memory deficits include: difficulty learning a new vocab, auditory comprehension, difficulties developing ltm for language structures, poor reading comprehension, challenges in written expression, difficulties making associations between new information and current knowledge; relating context to new information, and

Answer 42

at risk for missing out on critical pieces of information which hinder academic performance

Question 43

According to Boyd (2011), cognitive processing speed is

Answer 43

the rate at which individuals process informational input and output

Question 44

What is describing colours, shapes, as quickly as possible related to?

Answer 44

how quicky one performs overlearned tasks

Question 45

What intervention is used to see how quickly one can perform overlearned tasks

Answer 45

rapid automatic naming on the CELF-4

Question 46

Fluent, automatically process information requires _ energy/resources

Answer 46

less

Question 47

Processing speed may be related to _-ation of _ _

Answer 47

myelination of nerve fibres

Question 48

Children with TBI and demonstrated tears in the myelin sheath tend to have difficulties with _ _ _. Why?

Answer 48

cognitive processing speed | jumps along axon have to occur more often than between Nodes of RAnvier

Question 49

Implications of slow processing speed are common in many _ disorders

Answer 49

developmental

Question 50

Slow processing speed makes it difficult to

Answer 50

keep up in class or with work load

Question 51

Slow processing speed may be slow with auditory or _ comprehension (struggle to access/process the information in a timely manner)

Answer 51

reading

Question 52

Slow process speed may be associated with being slow to __ or in written form

Answer 52

respond verbally

Question 53

Slow processing speed may be associated with a struggle to _ _, tend to be off-topic

Answer 53

keep up in conversations

Question 54

Slow processing speed is: variable or constant?

Answer 54

variable, depending ont he task

Question 55

Slow processing speed may co-occur with attentional problems, _, or may exist independently

Answer 55

working memory deficits

Question 56

"Fast-mapping" refers to the concept that children can _

Answer 56

learn new vocab or structures based on a single (or just a few) exposures to the structure

Question 57

"Fast-mapping" may explain the "_" seen in toddlers

Answer 57

explosion in vocabulary

Question 58

Clinically, it is clear that some children seem to have mechanisms where vocab and structures are very quickly incorporated into _; others struggle

Answer 58

LtM

Question 59

Underlying systems may be at play with _, but isi it is clear that attention working memory, focus, etc. is influential

Answer 59

"fast-mapping"

Question 60

"Fast-mapping" allso appears to help with inferring the _ of related items

Answer 60

vocab

Question 61

Inhibition skills are also referred to as:

Answer 61

self-regulation

Question 62

Inhibition skills include: | _ factors and _ skills

Answer 62

linguistic factors | nonlinguistic skills

Question 63

Linguistic factors associated with inhibition skills include: vocab selection selective attention to most critical linguistic information, and

Answer 63

topic maintenance

Question 64

Nonlinguistic skills associated with inhibition skills include: deferring gratification waiting for rewards turn-taking reciprocal interactions/flexibility with agenda, and

Answer 64

focus on less-preferred activity

Question 65

_ children are found to have better inhibition and cognitive flexibility

Answer 65

Bilingual

Question 66

Children with better inhibitory control have better _ and _ outcomes

Answer 66

academic and linguistic outcomes

Question 67

Neuroimaging suggests the _ _ and amygdala are involved in behavioural inhibition for adultss, but is potentially _ mediate

Answer 67

prefrontal cortex | developmentally mediated

Question 68

Who developed the declarative and procedural memory system?

Answer 68

Michael Ullman

Question 69

According to _, language has often been thought to depend on dedicated neurocognitive substrates

Answer 69

Chomsky

Question 70

According to _, language depends on memory systems that serve non-linguistic functions that are found in both humans and other animals

Answer 70

Ullman

Question 71

The two memory systems proposed by Ullman are:

Answer 71

declarative and procedural memory systems

Question 72

Ullman's model of declarative memory includes: semantic knowledge episodic knowledge learning quickly with little need for repeated exposure and

Answer 72

explicit knowledge

Question 73

Ullman's model of declarative memory includes: explicit knowledge episodic knowledge learning quickly with little need for repeated exposure and

Answer 73

semantic knowledge

Question 74

Ullman's model of declarative memory includes: semantic knowledge learning quickly with little need for repeated exposure and

Answer 74

episodic knowledge

Question 75

declarative memory is considered _-based

Answer 75

content

Question 76

Declarative memory is often used more as a/n _

Answer 76

adult

Question 77

Procedural memory is often used more as a/n _

Answer 77

child

Question 78

According to Ullman's model, procedural memory includes: specializing for learning rules and sequences needing repeated exposure to learn patterns or "rules" learning and memories not available to conscious memory (e.g., 2 year-olds and use of /s/ in third person forms) and

Answer 78

implicit knowledge

Question 79

According to Ullman's model, procedural memory includes: implicit knowledge needing repeated exposure to learn patterns or "rules" learning and memories not available to conscious memory (e.g., 2 year-olds and use of /s/ in third person forms) and

Answer 79

specializing for learning rules and sequences

Question 80

According to Ullman's model, procedural memory includes: implicit knowledge specializing for learning rules and sequences learning and memories not available to conscious memory (e.g., 2 year-olds and use of /s/ in third person forms) and

Answer 80

needing repeated exposure to learn patterns or "rules"

Question 81

When discussing learning a new language, procedural memory systems would argue that it is easier to learn the language's _, whereas declarative memory systems would be easier to learn the language's _

Answer 81

``` native accent (procedural - child up to 3 or 4) syntax (declarative memory - adult) ```

Question 82

What is the base for the declarative memory and procedural memory systems?

Answer 82

biological

Question 83

Declarative memory involves _ _ lobe structures, and the hippocampus

Answer 83

medial temporal

Question 84

Declarative memory involvesover time, memories become _ dependent on structures (i.e. one tends to _)

Answer 84

LESS dependent | generalize

Question 85

Declarative memory involvesBA 45 and 45 and parts of the _ _ which provide access to these regions

Answer 85

basal ganglia

Question 86

Declarative memory involves the neurotransmitters: | acetylcholine, _ gene, and estrogen

Answer 86

brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

Question 87

Procedural memory involves _/basal ganglia circuits, including _ regions BA 44 and _ _ in basal ganglia

Answer 87

frontal premotor regions caudate nucleus

Question 88

BA 44 in the premotor regions are involved in procedural memory process as a part of

Answer 88

Brodmann's area

Question 89

Procedural memory MAY involve _ _ as a part of its system

Answer 89

mirror neurons

Question 90

_ seems to play an important role in procedural memory

Answer 90

dopamine

Question 91

T or F: declarative memory and procedural memory systems interact and complement each other in learning the same or analogous knowledge

Answer 91

true!

Question 92

The procedural memory system is associated with _ area, as it deals mroe with isssues of expression and isues with grammar, as is mroe typical for children (_-_ area of the brain)

Answer 92

Broca's area | non-fluent area

Question 93

The declarative memory system is associated with _ area, as it deals mroe with issues of vocabulary including neologisms, as well as issues with semantic language, more likely to occur in adults (part of the _ area of the brain)

Answer 93

Wernicke's | fluent area

Question 94

Language and the declarative and procedural memory systems vary in the types of learning, with declarative memory associated with _ learning, and procedural memory associated with _ learning

Answer 94

declarative - conscious | procedural - implicit

Question 95

Declarative memory is helpful when creating irregular forms, formulaic language, and

Answer 95

semantics, vocab

Question 96

Procedural memory is helpful when learning regular forms for tense, plurals, retrieval of lexical items, especially grammatic function words, and

Answer 96

formulation of novel utterances/word order

Question 97

The declarative and procedural memory systems work together and will compensate for each in the case of _

Answer 97

loss of function

Question 98

A deficit in declarative memory is associated with Alzheimer's disease, semantic dementia, and

Answer 98

fluent aphasias

Question 99

A deficit in procedural memory is associated with specific language issues, ASD, non-fluent aphasias and

Answer 99

Parkinson's disease