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CD2 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What disorder is associated with language-processing/sound meaning issues?

A

phonological disorders

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2
Q 
What are missing information sources for understasnding communication disabilities?
psycholinguistic
neuroimaging
slp/brain damaged individuals
neurochemistry
genetics
animal models
A

computational neuroscience

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3
Q

What does modularity have to do with psycholinguistic models of speech and language?

A

defining whether the patient deals with particular types of word (e.g., function or content, abstract or concrete words)

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4
Q

What type of model is connectionism, as associated with psycholinguistic models of speech and language?

A

computer models

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5
Q

Liberman established a theory in 1967 that looked at referencing articulatory gestures, as associated with psycholinguistic models of speech and language. What is it?

A

motor theory of language perception

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6
Q

Theory of mind, the idea of imitation, as well as understanding empathy is associated with what psycholinguistic model of speech and language?

A

mirror neurons

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7
Q

Ullman established in 2001 a model of memory as associated with what psycholinguistic model of speech and language?

A

declarative-procedural model of memory

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8
Q

Baddeley et al., and Cowan created models that looked at memory as a psycholinguistic model of speech and language. What were they?

A

working memory models

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9
Q

What are Theory of Mind, Central Coherence Theory, and Executive function Theory associated with?

A

Autism-spectrum

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10
Q

What is associated with Central Coherence Theory?

A

an inability to “see through the trees” since one is lost in details

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11
Q

What group of children tend to have more issues with Theory of Mind and why?

A

deaf children of hearing parents that are not fluent in sign language; they haven’t an ability to communicate or be communicated with fully

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12
Q

What theory is associated with problems with memory in the psycholinguistic models of speech and language?

A

Executive Function Theory

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13
Q

What type of imaging techniques are used for communication disorders?
electromagnetic techniques
haemodynamic techniques and

A

stimulation techniques

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14
Q

What are examples of temporal imaging techniques?

A

EEG/ERPs or MEG
(electromagnetic techniques)
x

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15
Q

What type of model is connectionism, as associated with psycholinguistic models of speech and language?

A

MEG

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16
Q

What are examples of Haemodynamic techniques?
fMRI
PET
DTI

A

SPECT

NIRS

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17
Q

What are spatial techniques?

A

Haemodynamic imaging techniques

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18
Q

What are stimulation techniques?

A

those that create and suppress in imaging

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19
Q

What are considerd passive imaging techniques?

A

both electromagnetic and haemodynamic techniques

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20
Q

What is the main stimulation imaging technique?

A

rTMS

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21
Q

What is the main role of neruoimaging?

A

validate and inform psycholinguistic models

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22
Q

What do we need to do even when neuroimaging validates and informs our psycholinguistic models?

A

we need to continue to seek to understand language itself, and how it works

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23
Q

What challenges our hypotheses and psycholinguistic theories?

A

neuroimaging

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24
Q

What does neuroimaging reveal that may not have been apparent before?

A

relationships

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25
Q

What does neuroimaging promote, and what does it help to do further?

A

promotes understanding of psycholinguistic models, and how to develop them further

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26
Q

What does neuroimaging have to do with assessment and intervention procedures?

A

it informs and validates assessment and intervention procedures

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27
Q

Neuroimaging encourages a win-win situation but…

A

one needs to keep aware of the limitations of all approaches to the study of communication disabilities

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28
Q

What is the main approach t hat I have coined the “hope this works” appraoch?

A

hypothesis testing approach

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29
Q

What is the hypothesis testing approach a.k.a.?

A

the cognitive neuropsychological approach

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30
Q

What does the hypothesis testing approach use to conclude which processing functions are intact, and which are not?

A

errors that the client makes

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31
Q

What must be collected for the hypothesis testing approach, and why is it done?

A

data must be collected under different conditions to fully understand the underlying deficit in the system

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32
Q

What must data be compared to in the hypothesis testing approach?

A

data must be compred to performance of neurotypical individuals

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33
Q

What is NT?

A

neurotypical individuals (“normal”

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34
Q

Why is the hypothesis testing approach helpful in interventions?

A

it lends itself well to ongoing evaluation of the effectiveness of intervention

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35
Q

What is the major starting point when analyzing speech in the hypothesis testing approach?

A

auditory analysis

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36
Q

What is the major starting point when assessing pictures, seen objects or print in the hypothesis testing approach?

A

visual feature analysis

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37
Q

“George” had difficulties with recalling specific words, but they didn’t have phonetic/phonemic errors. What kind of paraphasia does this describe?

A

semantic

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38
Q

If “George” had difficulties with recalling specific words but had phonetic/phonemic errors, what kind of paraphasia does this describe?

A

phonemic paraphasia

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39
Q

When assessing George’s semantic paraphasia, what method assesses circumlocutions, definitions, and semantic field errors?

A

picture naming

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40
Q

What type of paraphasia is associated with testing nearly 100% in receptive single word vocab?

A

semantic paraphasia

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41
Q

What type of testing nearly 100% in higher level semantics is associated with semantic paraphasia?

A

presenting 2 pictures, and deciding if they are synonymous

42
Q

What type of impairment is typical with semantic paraphasia?

A

selection/retrieval of word from phonological output lexicon

43
Q

How is George’s semantic paraphasia best treated?

A

strengthening word retrieval through combining meaning AND phonology

44
Q

Hyperlexia is associated with a difficulty of _ but an understanding of _

A

semantics

phonemes/phonetics

45
Q

Broca’s aphasia is associated with

left cerebral hemorrhage, retaining personality, reduced expressive language and

A

good repetition (no damage to arcuate fasciculus)

46
Q

A laryngectomy is associated with retained _ language, but reduced _ language

A

comprehensive

reduced expressive

47
Q

Who suggested phrenology was a science?

A

Franz Josef Gal

48
Q

What area is associated with a cyst in the lower left frontal lobe?

A

Sylvian fissure

49
Q

What was originally seen as the site of articulate language production, and then later associated with comprehension?

A

Broca’s area

50
Q

Can deaf women who use sign language lose expressive language when experiencing a stroke in the left part of the brain (Wernicke’s area)?

A

absolutely

51
Q

What type of patient is associated with incontinent fluency, yet are typically incomprehensible and do not easily understand or even repeat what is said to them

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

52
Q

What is associated with damage to the arcuate fasciculus and issues repeating words, according to John Hewlings Jackson?

A

conduction aphasia

53
Q

Neurons conduct

A

electrical signals

54
Q

_ carries messages to other cells

A

axons

55
Q

Short spines that increase surface area of a neuron to receive signals from other neurons are called

A

dendrites

56
Q

Activation of the _ generates an action potential, carrying neural messages down the axon, with end branches called _

A

axon hillock

terminals

57
Q

The end of axon terminals are found_

A

synapses

58
Q

_ are released from the presynaptic neuron to the receptor at the postsynaptic neuron

A

neurotransmitters

59
Q

Neurotransmitters activate the _ process to continue messaging along neurons

A

electrochemical

60
Q

The central nervous system includes the brain and

A

spinal cord

61
Q

the brain is composed of the cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, and

A

diencephalon

62
Q

The cerebral hemisphered are covered with _ matter, underneath of which is found a deeper layer of neural tracts, known as _ matter

A

gray

white

63
Q

The _ lobe is associated with thinking, motion, speech, planning of motions

A

frontal

64
Q

The _ lobe is associated with input of the eyes

A

occipital

65
Q

The _ lobe is associated with hearing, feeling emotions, perceiving form and colour, understanding speech, and smell

A

temporal

66
Q

The _ lobe is involved with the senses of the skin, pain, touch, position of arms and legs in space, auditory and visual senses (partly) too

A

parietal

67
Q

The diencephalon is composed of the

A

hypothalamus and thalamus

68
Q

The thalamus is involved with

A

input of sense organs, moving to cerebral cortex

69
Q

The hypothalamus is associated with hormonal regulation and

A

the autonomic nervous system

70
Q

The _ involved control of breathing, circulation, perception of pain, heat regulation, and organization of simple movements

A

brainstem

71
Q

Damage to the _ can be fatal

A

brainstem

72
Q

The _ is associated with coordination of movements, posture, learning motor skills

A

cerebellum

73
Q

The medulla is asociated with transitions from an opening from the base of the skull downwards to the spinal cord, as a part of the

A

brainstem

74
Q

The _ nervous system involves motor nerves, whereas the _ nervous system is associated with regulating internal organs and glands

A

somatic

autonomic

75
Q

The _ moves relays info from the muscles and internal organs, both senses and movements

A

spinal cord

76
Q

Transduction is stimuli translated iinto…

A

electrical signals up through the nervous system, arriving via different nerve fibres stimulating different brain centres

77
Q

Perception is the process that the cerebral cortex does to combine, analyze, and interpret

A

sensations

78
Q

_ is the dominant sense, with 70% of sensory receptors and 1/2 of the cerebral cortex involved with it

A

vision

79
Q

Light receptor cells are divided into _ and _

A

rods and cones

80
Q

The _ are stimulated by light that is red, green, and/orb blue

A

cones

81
Q

action potentials from the cones are transmitted from the optic nerve to the _, where they are relayed to areas of the brain

A

thalamus

82
Q

_ is produced by analyzing vibrating sound wavest through the air that move outward from its object, and reaching the pinna

A

hearing

83
Q

The outer ear meets the middle at the

A

tympanic membrane

84
Q

The tympanic membrance reaches the pistons of the middle ear that transmit vibrations to the oval window, known as the

A

ossicles

85
Q

The inner ear begins at the _, within which are found the organ of corti, the receptor of hearing located within at its cilia, and vibrations create action potentials to the auditory nerve leading to the brain - primary auditory cortex, secondary, and higher-order auditory cortex

A

cochlea

86
Q

Gustation is the sense of taste, of that is relayed from the _ which has the taste buds that are activated by water soluble things in the saliva

A

lingual papillae

87
Q

There are _ senses of taste

A

5

88
Q

The _ create a greater surface area in the nose in order to afor the olfactor receptors to identify smells

A

olfactory epithelium

89
Q

Olfactory cilia are activated by by one inhaling smells which are absorbed by

A

being covered in mucus, attracting the scent particles

90
Q

The _ cells create _ reahing each one sense cell

A

mitral cells,

glomeruli (one glomerulus)

91
Q

Smell is assessed in the temporal lobe as well as the

A

limbic system

92
Q

Mechanoreceptors are associatedw with touch, pressure, stretch, tension and vibration, and are found at the

A

joints and muscles

93
Q

The inner ear is associated with hearing and

A

balance and coordination

94
Q

Chemoreceptors are associated with smell and

A

changes in concentration of dissolved substances in the blood

95
Q

thermoreceptors are associated with temperature changes and

A

regulating surface and core temperatures

96
Q

Receptors associated with pain are called

A

nociceptors

97
Q

Movement in arms, legs, hands, feet, trunk are activated depending on the fineness of motor nmovements in the

A

motor neurons

98
Q

the _ nuclei provide similar function to motor neurons, but associataed with the head, nec,k, face and eyes

A

cranial nerve motor nuclei

99
Q

The ARAS is found in the

A

brainstem

100
Q

The ARAS causes activation/arousal of the _ when awake, but inhibition does so to the thalamus

A

cerebral cortex

101
Q

activation of the anterior hypothalamus causes _, whereas activation of the posterior hypothalamus causes _

A

sleepiness

wakefulness

102
Q

The ARAS is the

A

ascending reticular activating system that helps one stay awake or go to sleep

CD2 (5 decks)

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