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Neuroanatomy- Term 2 > Week 3- Senses And Sensory Receptors > Flashcards

Week 3- Senses And Sensory Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

List the special senses

A

Taste
Smell
Vision
Hearing and balance

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2
Q

Name the 2 types of senses

A

Special
General

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3
Q

What are general sense as associated with

A

Touch

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4
Q

Name the 5 D’s and 3 N’s

A

Diplopia- double vision
Dysarthia- difficulty speaking
Dysphagia- hard to swallow
Drop attack- falls
Dyskinesea- involuntary movement

Nyastagmus- involuntary eye movement
Nausea- sickness
Numbness - of face nerves

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5
Q

How do special senses work

A

Gather sensory info and change it into nerve impulses

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6
Q

Describe first order neurons

A

First Order Neurons: Detect a stimulus and transmits a signal to thespinal cord

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7
Q

Describe second order neurons

A

• Second Order Neurons: Continues as far as the gateway-thethalamus- at the upper end of the brainstem•

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8
Q

Describe third order neurons

A

• Third Order Neurons: Carries the signal the rest of the way to thesensory region of the cerebral cortex

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9
Q

Label the pathway of olfactory system

A
  • Olfactory receptor cells of the epithelium and olfactory nerves >

mitral cell and tufted cell (2 order)

Olfactory bulb>
olfactory tract and olfactory striae

> Olfactory cortical areas
primary olfactory cortex and secondary olfactory cortex (inferior)

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10
Q

List the 8 primar odors

A

Camphorous
Fishy
Malty
Minty
Musky
Spermatic
Sweaty
Urinous

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11
Q

What cells detect (1st order) for olfactory epithelium

A

Olfactory receptor cells
Supporting cells
Basal/progenitor cells

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12
Q

What is the olfactory bulb

A

Flattened oval mass of grey matter, lying just above the cribiform plate

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13
Q

Describe secondary olfactory cortex

A

Helps to explain strong associations between odors and memory, emotion and endocrine function

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14
Q

What is fungiform papillae

A

most common

Raised lingual structures which contain 3-5 taste buds in each

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15
Q

What is circumvallate papillae

A

Found at base of tongue
7-10 pp

Sensitive to bitter taste
Involved in gag reflex
Associated salivary glands release saliva and help regulate circumvallate papillae

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16
Q

Describe foliate papillae

A

Verticals folds on postolateral sides
Perceive taste

rear end of tongue. posteriolateral

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17
Q

What is amyglada

A

Part of the brain associated with fear, emotions and motivations
Medial temporal lobe

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18
Q

What nerves are associated with salivation, starting digestive process

A

• CN 7 – Facial Nerve – Taste – Anterior 2/3 of the tongue.•
Main taste centre – Geniculate Ganglion.•

CN 9 – Glossopharyngeal Nerve – Taste – Posterior 1/3 tongue.•
Main taste centre – Nucleus tractus Solitarius•

CN 10 - Vagus nerve

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19
Q

What is the only site neurons are exposed

A

Olfactory receptor cells( neurons)

20
Q

What is the only site neurons can regenerate

A

Olfactory epithelium (renewal of olfactory receptors)

21
Q

Which recepoirst are modified neurons

A

Olfactory receptors and photoreceptors (rods and cones)

22
Q

What is the only sensory pathway where second order neurons reach cortex without relay in thalamus

A

Olfactory pathways

23
Q

List general senses

A

Pain
Temp
Touch
Pressure
Vibratin

24
Q

What is olfaction a part of

A

Limbic system (HOME)

25
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with taste

A

Facial 7
Glossopharyngeal 4
Vagus 5

26
Q

Function of vestibular nerve

A

Responsible for afferent and efferent fibres that control BALANCE and EQUILIBRIUM

27
Q

Function of cochlear nerve

A

‘Auditory nerve’
Carries efferent and afferent Fibres for HEARING

28
Q

list vestibular pathway neurons

A

1- vestibular ganglion*

2= vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata*

3 - Thalamus* From there fibres project to the vestibular area of the cortex

29
Q

What is the spiral ganglion

A

Group of neuron cell bodies in central axis of cochlea

superior to the cochlear (centre of spiral)

30
Q

function of iris

A

controls hwo much light enters by changing shape

31
Q

describe neurons in sight

A

1= bipolar cells of the retina and receives visual information from the neuroepithelial cell of the retina(e.g. rods and cones)

2= ganglion cell of retina- axon lie in optic nerve and carry to optic chiasm and proximal optic tracts

3= cell body in lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus
axon project to visual cortex in a band of fibers call optic radiation

32
Q

describe vision

A

light enters lens. images are inverted and reversed onto retina (back of eye)
rods detect low light and cones detect color. optic disc where axons gather to form optic nerve and leave the eye

retinal ganglion cells send their axons to optic nerve. exit via optic canal and sphenoid bone. partial crossing at optic chiasm

optic tracts form synapses on neurons in lateral geniculate nucleus of the THALAMUS. projects to primary visual cortex. other fibers enter superior colliculus forming extrageniculate visual pathways which project to pretectal area which is important for pupillary light reflex and control to direct visual attention and eye movement. fibers move back to primary visual cortex

33
Q

role of rod cells

A

Rods – more rods than cones and they do not detect colours but detect well in lowlight

34
Q

role of cone cells

A

Cones – detect colour and have higher spatial and temporal resolution.*

35
Q

name the 2 type of visual pathways

A

dorsal
ventral

36
Q

describe dorsal pathway

A

carries visual stimulus signals from visual cortex to parietal cortex

along the way, it passes through areas which calculate objects location, creating an action plan. plans motion and timing (duck)

non conscious

37
Q

describe the ventral pathway

A

visual processing areas, adding perception such as shape, colour.

passed temporal lobe where it is matched/compared to visual memories in order to achieve recognition

some continue to frontal lobe where info is assessed for meaning and significance

conscious perceptin

38
Q

what is the optic chasm

A

the corss over junction where the signals from the two optic nerves cross over

39
Q

Name one unique feature of olfactory pathway

A

Skips thalamus and goes straight to cortex

40
Q

Name cranial nerves involved with taste sensation

A

Glossopharygngeal, facial vagus

41
Q

Name 2 cranial nerves arising from midbrain that are associated with function of the eye

A

Occuolomotor nerve
Trochlear

42
Q

what is different about the olfactory pathway

A

-only 2 neurons
-no relay to the thalamus. directly to the cortex.

43
Q

what is the olfactory epithelium

A

area within each nasal cavity that contains the olfactory receptors

44
Q

list taste buds

A

fungiform papillae
circumvallate papillae
foliate

45
Q

name order of taste

A

1= facial, glossopharangeal and vagus nerve

2= medulla oblongata

3= cortical taste area

46
Q

name cells within taste buds

A

gustory cell

supporting cell

47
Q

describe hearing process

A

sound waves travel through external auditory cannal. vibrate the membrane and middle ear ossicles

wave travels through endolymphatic fluid of cochlea

fluid vibrates the cortis basilar membrane stimmulating inner and outer heairs

hair cells transmit AP to bipolar neurons in spiral ganglian

auditory system transmits the stimulus responsible from hearing receptor to auditory area in temporal lobe

Neuroanatomy- Term 2 (11 decks)

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