Week 8- Basal And Limbic

Question 1

List components of basal ganglia

Answer 1

• Caudate nucleus• Putamen•
Globus pallidus (externus and internus)•
Subthalamic nucleus and• Substantia nigra

Question 2

Where is putamen located

Answer 2

Central of basal ganglia

Question 3

Where is nucleus accumbens

Answer 3

Inferior and anterior of basal ganglia

Superior section to amygdala

Question 4

Where is lateral ventricle

Answer 4

Posterior and behind cellular bridges

Looks like helicopter plant

Question 5

Where is amygdala

Answer 5

Inferior on basal ganglia. Most anterior inferiority
Anterior to tail of caudate (at end of tail)

Question 6

List functions of basal ganglia

Answer 6

• Control of voluntary movements (facilitates and/or inhibits motor activity)•

Determine how rapidly a movement is to be performed and how large themovement must be•

Decrease muscle tone and inhibit unwanted muscular activity•

Regulate the muscle tone and thus helps in smoothening the voluntarymotor activities•

Control automatic associated movements, like swinging of arms duringwalking Pyramidal Tract

Question 7

Name excitatory neurotransmitter

Answer 7

GLUTAMATE

Question 8

Name inhibitory neurotransmitter

Answer 8

GABA

Question 9

What is direct pathways

Answer 9

Initiates movement (increase motor activity)

Comes straight into thalamus

Motor cortex
Striatum
Internus
Thalamus

Question 10

What is MSIT used for and what does it stand for

Answer 10

Shows the direct pathway for gLUTAMATE

Motor cortex
Striatum
Internus
Thalamus

Question 11

What is the indirect pathway

Answer 11

• Terminates movement (inhibits/ decreases movement)•

MS EN IT (Mnemonic)or• Comes Straight,Exits, then Sidesteps Into Thalamus-

Motor Cortex-
Striatum-
Externus-
Nucleus (Subthalamic)- Internus
-thalamus

Question 12

What is MS EN IT used for and what does it stand for

Answer 12

Indirect pathway

Motor cortex
Striatum
External
Nucleus (subthalamic)
Internus
Thalamus

Question 13

What turns on motor cortex and what turns it off

Answer 13

Direct = turns on motor cortex
Thalami’s motor planning

Indirect= turning off motor cortex
Activation of inhibition

Question 14

list clinical aspects for direct and indirect pathways

Answer 14

• Tremors, Athetosis, Chorea•
Parkinson’s disease• Huntington’s disease• Tourette’s syndrome

Question 15

What is athetoid

Answer 15

Involuntary movements
Slow and tithing sitar muscle and extremities

Question 16

What is chorea

Answer 16

Jerky movements
Non repetitive

Question 17

what is hemiballismus

Answer 17

Violent movement confined to one side of the body

Proximal extremities of shoulder and pelvic girdle

Question 18

What is Parkinson’s

Answer 18

Impairmtne of voluntary movement
Delay in movements
Rigidity
Termor

S-shuffling gait
M-mask like facies
A- Bradykineasia
R- rigidity
T- tremor

Question 19

What is cause of Parkinson

Answer 19

Lesion to substania nigra and nigostriatal pathway which uses dopamine as neurot

Cellular loss + depigmentation in substantia nigra

Question 20

What is substantia nigra

Answer 20

Critical brain region for production of dopamine

Question 21

What is Limbic system a part of

Answer 21

Cortical and subcortical structures that form a ring around upper end of brainstem

Question 22

Name cortical structure of Limbic system

Answer 22

• Limbic lobe : cingulate gyrus,uncus (olfactory cortex), insula• Hippocampu

Question 23

List sub cortical structures of Limbic system

Answer 23

Amygdala
Diencephaloin, hypothalamus and thalamus

Question 24

What is the role of Limbic system

Answer 24

Homeostatic functions
Olfaction
Memory
Emotions and drives

Question 25

Where is homeostasis

Answer 25

Hypothalamus

Question 26

What is homeostasis involved with

Answer 26

-body rhythms (day length via optical) -release ADH reducing vol of urine when blood h20 drops -releases lepton too reduce feeling of hunger when full -release gherkin when hungry -increase body temp to help immune system fight off pathogens -^ production of cortisol for physical activity in stress -thyroid hormones produced for metabolism -oxytocin release doe interpersonal bonds. Sex and childbirth

Question 27

What is olfaction and how does it help

Answer 27

T he olfactory system transmits sense of smell from olfactoryepithelium of nasal mucosa to the olfactory cortex of the brain• • Olfactory epithelium and olfactory nerves• Olfactory bulb, tract and striae• Olfactory cortical areas.

Question 28

Where are olfactory cortical areas

Answer 28

• Primary olfactory cortex on the same side which located in theuncus on the inferomedial surface of the temporal lobe• Some fibres connect with the limbic system• The entorhinal area receives fibres profusely from primary olfactorycortex, hence it is sometimes called secondary olfactory cortex

Question 29

Where is olfaction

Answer 29

Olfactory cortex

Question 30

Where is memory

Answer 30

Hippocampus

Question 31

What is hippocampus

Answer 31

Brain structure embedded in temporal lobe • Curved elevation of grey matter• Resembles a seahorse in coronal section• Function – recent memory, processing long term memory andemotional response

Question 32

What is memory split into

Answer 32

Short term- 5-9 items Long term- infinite Distributed network of neurons spread across outer layers of brain

Question 33

Where is emotions

Answer 33

Amygdala

Question 34

How does amygdala affect Limbic system

Answer 34

Tastes all stimuli and signals to produce appropriate emotional reactions Distinct regions called nuclei, generate different kinds of responses to fear Fear is main emotion that amhygdala controls Central neucleus- freezing Basal nuclei- flight Nuclei affecte by sex hormones

Question 35

What is the difference between cortical and subcortical

Answer 35

Cortex= higher level functions. Decision making and language Subcortex= beneath cortex. Primitive functions e.g. emotions in amygdala

Question 36

where is substantia nigra located

Answer 36

midbrain

Question 37

what is located in forebrain

Answer 37

motor cortex caudate nucelus putamen subthalamic nuceli globbulus palidus

Question 38

describe the slow and accurate route of processing emotion

Answer 38

thalamus sensory cortex ( extensively processed. takes time) hippocampus (process consciously percied into form memories. compoares signals to previosu memories)

Question 39

describe the quick route for processing emotion

Answer 39

thalamus amygdala(emotional importance of stimuli is assessed) -rapidy sends signals) hypothalamus (hormonal changes. fight or flight)