Week 4

Question 1

Neurons

Answer 1

transmit nerve impulses between parts of the nervous system

Question 2

neuroglia

Answer 2

support and nourish neurons, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and may aid in signal transmission

Question 3

axon

Answer 3

carry impulses away from the body

Question 4

dendrites

Answer 4

carry impulses toward the body

Question 5

cell body

Answer 5

contains the nucleus, from which axons and dendrites extend

Question 6

sensory neuron

Answer 6

takes nerve impulses from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord

Question 7

motor neurons

Answer 7

take nerve impulses from the spinal cord to an effector, such as the muscles or skin

Question 8

interneurons

Answer 8

lie completely within the spinal cord, transmit impulses from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron. Some interneurons have long fibers and transmit nerve impulses to and from the brain

Question 9

microglia

Answer 9

engulf bacteria and cellular debris

Question 10

astrocytes

Answer 10

provide nutrients and produce a hormone called glia (though to prevent parkinson’s)

Question 11

oligodendrocytes

Answer 11

form the myelin sheath in CNS

Question 12

ependymal cells

Answer 12

lines the fluid-filled space in the brain and spinal cord

Question 13

myelin sheath

Answer 13

protective fatty covering surrounding the axons of nerve cells

Question 14

Schwann cell

Answer 14

cell that form the myelin sheath in the PNS

Question 15

node of Ranvier

Answer 15

gaps in axon where there is no myelin sheath

Question 16

Gray matter

Answer 16

a central, butterfly shaped area of the spinal cord composed of masses of short nerve fibers

Question 17

white matter

Answer 17

masses of long fibers that lie outside the gray matter that carry impulses up and down the spinal cord. Appears white because an insulating myelin sheath surrounds the long nerve fibers

Question 18

tracts

Answer 18

white matter in bundles

Question 19

nerve impulse

Answer 19

convey information from one nerve cell to another nerve cell

Question 20

resting potential

Answer 20

membrane potential of an inactive neuron, the axon is not conducting an impulse

Question 21

action potential

Answer 21

electrochemical changes that take place across the axon membrane; the nerve impulse

Question 22

sodium-potassium pump

Answer 22

carrier protein in the plasma membrane that moves sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, important in the function of nerve and muscle cells in animals

Question 23

refractory period

Answer 23

the period after an action potential where a neuron is unable to conduct another nerve impulse

Question 24

synapse

Answer 24

junction between neurons consisting of a presynaptic (axon) membrane, the synaptic cleft, and the post synaptic (usually dendrite) membrane

Question 25

synaptic cleft

Answer 25

small gap between presynaptic and post synaptic cells of a synapse

Question 26

central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 26

brain and spinal cord

Question 27

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 27

12 pairs of cranial nerves that arise from the brain 31pairs of spinal nerves that arise from the spinal cord

Question 28

organization of the nervous system

Answer 28

brain + spinal cord = CNS cranial nerves + spinal nerves = PNS

Question 29

what do spinal nerves give rise to

Answer 29

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Question 30

what does the somatic nervous system control

Answer 30

skeletal muscle

Question 31

what does the autonomic nervous system control

Answer 31

smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

Question 32

two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 32

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 33

sympathetic division of ANS

Answer 33

active when under stress, fight or flight, use norepinephrine as neurotransmitter

Question 34

parasympathetic division of ANS

Answer 34

rest and digest, active under normal conditions. Use acetylcholine as neurotransmitter

Question 35

cerebrum

Answer 35

most developed part of the brain that is responsible for higher mental capabilities. The cerebrum is divided into two cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum and four lobes

Question 36

corpus callosum

Answer 36

a broad sheet of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

Question 37

frontal lobe

Answer 37

controls motor functions and permits vocabulary muscle control, responsible for abilities to think, speak, problem solve, and smell

Question 38

parietal lobe

Answer 38

receives information from sensory receptors located in the skin and also taste receptors in the mouth

Question 39

central sulcus

Answer 39

a groove that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Question 40

occipital lobe

Answer 40

interprets visual input and combines visual images with other sensory experieneces

Question 41

temporal lobe

Answer 41

have sensory areas for hearing and smelling

Question 42

four ventricles

Answer 42

interconnecting spaces that produce and serve as a reservoir for CSF which cushions the brain. There are two lateral ventricles, a third ventricle, and a fourth ventricle

Question 43

diencephalon

Answer 43

portion of the brain when the third ventricle is located. Parts of the brain called the thalamus and hypothalamus are located here

Question 44

thalamus

Answer 44

two connected lobes in the roof of the third ventricle. It is called the gatekeeper because it is believed to control which received impulses are passed on to the cerebrum

Question 45

hypothalamus

Answer 45

forms the floor of the third ventricle and contains control centers for appetite, body temp, blood pressure, and water balance. Its primary function is homeostasis. It also has centers for pleasure, reproductive behavior, hostility, and pain

Question 46

cerebellum

Answer 46

located posterior to the cerebrum, consisting of two lobes that resembles a butterfly. It coordinates equilibrium and motor activity to produce smooth movements

Question 47

brain stem (3 parts)

Answer 47

part of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord. It consist of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Question 48

midbrain

Answer 48

anterior to the pons and serves as a relay station for sensory input and motor output. It also contains a reflex center for eye muscles

Question 49

pons

Answer 49

the ventral, budlike enlargement of the brain stem. It serves as a passageway for nerve impulses running between the medulla and the higher regions of the brain

Question 50

medulla oblongata

Answer 50

the most posterior part of the brain. It controls internal organs; for example blood pressure, cardiac and breathing control centers are present here. Nerve impulses pass from the spinal cord through the medulla to and from higher brain regions

Question 51

Cranial nerve I (oflactory)

Answer 51

smelling

Question 52

Cranial nerve II (optic)

Answer 52

the eye, vision, seeing

Question 53

Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)

Answer 53

the eye, raising the eyelids

Question 54

Cranial nerve IV (trochlear)

Answer 54

eye

Question 55

Cranial nerve V (trigeminal)

Answer 55

the mouth and jaw, chewing food. facial muscles

Question 56

Cranial nerve VI (abducens)

Answer 56

eye muscles

Question 57

Cranial nerve VII (facial)

Answer 57

taste buds and facial muscles, smiling, secretion of saliva, tasting

Question 58

Cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear)

Answer 58

ear

Question 59

Cranial nerve IX (glosopharyngeal)

Answer 59

pharynx (windpipe), swallowing

Question 60

Cranial nerve X (vagus)

Answer 60

the internal organs, slows the heart, increases motility of digestive tract

Question 61

Cranial nerve XI (accesory)

Answer 61

SCM and traps - shrugging

Question 62

Cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal)

Answer 62

tongue

Question 63

cervical nerves

Answer 63

first 8 pairs

Question 64

thoracic nerve

Answer 64

next 12 pairs

Question 65

lumbar nerves

Answer 65

5 pairs

Question 66

sacral nerves

Answer 66

5 pairs, fused

Question 67

coccygeal nerve

Answer 67

3-5 pairs, fused