Week 5 Flashcards
1
Q
endocrine system
A
the glands and organs that make hormones and release them directly into the blood so that they can travel to tissues and organs all over the body
2
Q
how many endocrine glands are there
A
11
3
Q
what gland is both endocrine and exocrine
A
pancreas
4
Q
what is the correct name for the adrenal gland
A
suprerenal
5
Q
negative feedback of hormones
A
antagonistic hormones. once signalled will stop the flow
6
Q
an example of a negative feedback loop
A
insulin and glucagon
7
Q
insulin feedback loop
A
when blood glucose rises insulin is release triggering the uptake of glucose from the blood
BRINGS BLOOD GLUCOSE DOWN
8
Q
glucagon feedback loop
A
when blood sugar drops, glucagon promotes the release of glucose into the blood
BRINGS BLOOD GLUCOSE UP
9
Q
what are the antagonistic hormones involved in blood sugar
A
insulin and glucagon
10
Q
what endocrine cells are in the pancreas
A
islets of Langerhans
11
Q
alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans produce which hormone
A
glucagon
12
Q
beta cells in the islets of Langerhans produce which hormone
A
insulin
13
Q
pheromones
A
chemicals that work at a distance and alter the behavior of another member of the same species
14
Q
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
A
hypothalamus controls pituitary
pituitary controls all other glands
15
Q
the pituitary has how many lobes
A
two
16
Q
how many hormones does the anterior pituitary regulate
A
six
17
Q
how many hormones does the posterior pituitary regulate
A
two
18
Q
pituitary gland
A
master gland, controlled by the hypothalamus
19
Q
pineal gland
A
produce the hormone melatonin, primarily at night. Involved in our daily sleep-wake cycle. At night melatonin levels increase making us tired. Melatonin levels are low in the morning
prevents jet lag
coordinates fertility
20
Q
what gland is affected by light
A
pineal
21
Q
pineal gland was called what by ancient people
A
third eye
22
Q
thyroid gland
A
secretes two hormones
thyroxin and calcitonin
23
Q
thyroxin
A
increases metabolic rates
24
Q
calcitonin
A
lowers blood calcium levels
25
what controls the thyroid gland
the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
26
parathyroid gland (4)
secrete parathyroid hormone, raises blood calcium levels
(by removing calcium from bones)
27
adrenal glands (suprarenal)
cortex and medulla
28
how many hormones does the adrenal cortex release
3
29
how many hormones does the adrenal medulla release
2
30
adrenal cortex hormones
glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), and sex hormones (androgens)
31
adrenal medulla hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine
32
aldosterone
regulate electrolytes in the body
33
cortisol
reacts to body stress (fight or flight). stress management and utilization of macronutrients
34
androgens
sex hormones
35
adrenaline
aka epinephrine
supports body reaction to stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels
36
noradrenaline
aka norepinephrine
constriction of blood vessels along with increased heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels
37
pancreas
exocrine and endocrine
38
testes
secrete testosterone and produce sperm
39
where are sperm produced
in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
40
ovary
secrete estrogen and progesterone and produce oocytes
41
hormonal control of the ovaries
anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH, ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone
42
sex hormones cycle
hypothalamus releases the GnRH which signals the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH which stimulates the gonads to release the sex hormones
43
negative feedback loop for thyroid hormone
anterior pituitary stimulates TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) causing the thyroid to produce thyroxin and triiodothryonine. when these levels rise, the anterior pituitary stops producing TSH
44
antagonistic hormones
insulin and glucagon
calcitonin and parathyroid
45
what are the two classes of hormones
peptide hormones and steroid hormones
46
peptide hormones
peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, modified amino acids
47
steroid hormones
same complex of four carbon rings with different side chains
48
chemical composition of hormone (peptide or steroid) determines how it must be administered
peptide - injection (insulin)
steroid - oral (birth control)
49
hypothalamus
helps regulate the internal environment in two ways.
1. autonomic system - heart beat, blood pressure, hunger, appetite, body temp, water balance
controls the glandular secretions of the pituitary gland (hypophysis)
50
what is the medical term for pituitary gland
hypophysis
51
posterior pituitary gland
produce antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
neurons - neurosecretory cells
52
antidiuretic hormone function
when blood is too concentrated, ADH is released from posterior pituitary, once arrived at the kidneys ADH causes water to be reabsorbed. Water then dilutes the blood and ADH is no longer released
53
oxytocin hormone function
causes uterine contraction during childbirth and milk letdown during nursing
oxytocin is a positive feedback loop. More contractions = more oxytocin released
54
positive feedback defintion
mechanism of homeostatic response in which the output of the system intensifies and increases the activity of the system
55
negative feedback defintion
the mechanism of the homeostatic response which the output of a system suppresses or inhibits activity of the system
56
how does hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary
by release hypothalamic releasing hormones and hypothalamic inhibiting hormone
57
example of hypothalamic releasing hormone
makes anterior pituitary release TSH
58
example of hypothalamic inhibiting hormone
inhibits anterior pituitary from releasing prolactin
59
thyroid stimulating hormone
stimulates thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4
60
gonadotrophin hormone (LH, FSH)
stimulates the gonads, testes in males and ovaries in females
produce gametes and sex hormones
61
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
62
prolactin (PRL)
produced in quantity only during pregnancy and after childbirth. It causes the mammary glands in the breasts to develop and produce milk and suppress ovulation for a time in the nursing mother
63
growth hormone or somatotropin hormone (GH)
promotes skeletal and muscular growth, cell division and protein synthesis
64
melanocyte - stimulating hormone (MSH)
unknown function in humans, regulates skin color in lower vertebrates. MSH causes color changes in many fishes, amphibians, and reptiles
65
MSH concentration in humans
low
66
what hormones produced in the anterior pituitary have effects on other glands
TSH, ACTH, and LH/FSH
67
thyroid gland
large gland located in the neck region, attached to trachea below the larynx
triiodothyronine (T3) contains three iodine atoms
thyroxine (T4) contains four iodine atoms
68
what does the thyroid gland need to do to produce T3 and T4
acquire iodine from the blood
69
ratio of concentration for iodine to blood ratio
25 to 1 in thyroid to blood
70
what is the primary source of iodine in the diet
iodized salt
71
what is the function of T3 and T4
increase metabolic rate
no single target but stimulate cells in the body to metabolize more glucose and utilize more energy
72
parathyroid glands
embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
73
parathyroid hormone function
blood phosphate level to decrease and blood calcium levels to increase
promotes activity of osteoclasts
promotes reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys where it helps activate vitamin D
vit D stimulates absorption of calcium in the intestines bringing blood calcium back to normal
when blood calcium is back to normal, release of PTH stops
74
adrenal glands
sit on top of the kidneys
two portions - cortex and medulla
75
adrenal medulla control
under nervous control
76
adrenal cortex control
ACTH from the anterior pituitary
77
stress stimulates the hypothalamus to stimulate a portion of which gland
adrenals
78
adrenal medulla function
hypothalamus releases nerve impulse that travels by the brain stem and sympathetic fibers to the adrenal medulla which then secretes its hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine
fight or flight
short term response to stress
79
adrenal cortex function
long term response to stress
two major hormones produced are mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
80
mineralcorticoids
regulate salt and water balance
aldosterone - most abundant
aldosterone targets kidney to promote renal absorption of Na and renal excretion of K (regulates blood volume and blood pressure)
81
does the anterior pituitary control the secretion of mineralocorticoids
no
82
when blood sodium levels and BP are low what does the kidney secrete
renin
83
what if the function of renin
an enzyme that converts plasma protein into angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is changed to angiotensin II by a converting enzyme found in the capillaries
84
what is the function of angiotensin II
stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
85
what is the function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
raise blood pressure in two ways
1. angiotensin II constricts arterioles
2. aldosterone causes kidneys to reabsorb sodium
86
what happens when blood sodium levels rise
BP increases back to normal
-in part due to the release of ADH by the hypothalamus
87
how else does the blood pressure regulate (not hypothalamus)
atria of heart are stretched due to increase in blood volume. cardiac cells release atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) which inhibits the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
88
what is the function of ANH
to cause excretion of natriuresis. Sodium is excreted therefore so is water and blood pressure lowers
89
glucocorticoids
ACTH stimulate the portion of the adrenal cortex that secretes glucocorticoids
-cortisol most significant
90
function of cortisol
raises the blood glucose level in two ways
1. promotes breakdown of muscle proteins into amino acids which are taken up from the bloodstream and converted into glucose by the liver
2. cortisol promotes the metabolism of fatty acids rather than carbohydrates so it spares glucose
91
what is cortisone
a medication often administered for inflammation, can be a suppressor that affects the bodies natural tendency to fight infection and inflammation. More susceptible to injury and infection
92
pancreas
long organ that lies in abdomen between kidneys near the duodenum of small intestine
93
two types of tissue in the pancreas
endocrine and exocrine
94
exocrine function of pancreas
produces and secretes digestive juices by ducts to the small intestine
95
endocrine function of pancreas
produce insulin and glucagon
96
delta cells of the islets of Langerhans produce what
somatostatin
(growth hormone inhibitor)
97
pancreatic islets are also called what
islets of Langerhans
98
when is insulin usually secreted
right after eating
99
insulin function and secretion
stimulates uptake of glucose by cells (usually liver, muscle, and adipose)
liver and muscle store glucose as glycogen
100
the breakdown of glucose in muscle cells
supplies energy for protein metabolism
101
the breakdown of glucose in fat cells
supplies glycerol for the formation of fat
102
when is glucagon usually secreted
before eating when blood glucose is low
103
glucagon function
liver and adipose are main targets
glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose
104
somatostatin function
growth hormone inhibiting hormone
inhibits growth hormone as well as inhibits insulin and glucagon
105
the effect of somatostatin on the digestive tract
to decrease the absorption of nutrients
106
testosterone
increases in males at the time of puberty
107
what is a side effect of testosterone in males
baldness
108
thymus gland
lobular shaped beneath the sternum
largest and most active during childhood
with age organ gets smaller and becomes fat tissue
lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow pass through the thymus and differentiate into T lymphocytes
secrete thymosin
109
diabetes insipidus (DI)
condition caused by lack of antidiuretic hormone; characterized by excessive third and over production of urine
110
diabetes mellitus
condition caused by an insulin imbalance in the body
111
type I diabetes
not enough insulin production
112
type II diabetes
caused by the body (specifically adipose tissue) not responding to insulin in the blood
113
pituitary dwarfism
too little growth hormone produced during childhood
small stature, body parts in normal proportions
114
gigantism
condition caused when too much growth hormone is produced during childhood
115
acromegaly
an overproduction of growth hormone as an adult
116
cushing syndrome
overproduction of ACTH resulting in too much cortisol in the body
117
hypothyroidism
under secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland
weight gain, lethargic behavior, depression
118
hyperthyroidism
over secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland
hyperactivity, nervousness, insomnia
119
grave disease
over production of T3 and T4 by the thyroid gland causes antibodies that interact with TSH receptors in the thyroid gland
autoimmune hyperthyroidism
