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Cogs 1 i > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What is a network?

A

Many individuals or nodes.
Connections.
Dynamics.

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2
Q

What are networks for?

A
  • Communication/information exchange
  • Transportation
  • Organizing work/division of labor
  • Learning from others
  • Robustness/safety
    -…Others?
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3
Q

Your brain is a

A

Biological information-processing network

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4
Q

Neuroscience (study of the brain) seeks to understand

A

-What are the brain’s components?
-How are they connected?
-How do they communicate?
-How do they develop?
-How do they change/adapt/learn?
-How can we repair/improve brain functions?

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5
Q

What is the key to studying large, complex biological networks?

A

Computation

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6
Q

What are the brain’s components?

A

Neurons and Retina

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7
Q

Neurons

A

Neurons are tree-like cells. ~0.2 mm (Santiago de Ramon y Cajal Histology of the nervous system 1901)
- Dendrites: branches for receiving info.
- Axon: carry signal
- Cell body: send out signals

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8
Q

Retina

A
  • The retina send information to the brain as spike trains (Gollisch and Meister, Science 2008)
  • Different neuron types in the retina
  • Rods and cones: res for vision, receive info
  • Ganglion cell: process vis info and send vis stimuli to the brain.
  • Visual cortex in the brain
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9
Q

How do they (brain’s components) communicate?

A

The communicating using electrical “spikes”
Fast and slow signaling in the mouse cerebellum.
Running leads to faster spiking in cerebella’s neurons.

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10
Q

How do they (brain circuits) work together

A

They work together in circuits
- Brain has around 80 billion neurons
- Connectome: the brain wiring diagram

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11
Q

How do they (brain’s components) communicate?

A

Communicate using electrical “spikes”
Based on Pirkije:
- moving => faster spiking
- some neurons are active even when anesthetized
- some neurons are grouped together

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12
Q

How brain develops

A

Brain develops in stages.
Synaptogenesis: proliferation of connections
- We have most of our neurons at birth
- The continue developing
- For humans, connection within brain is increasing at the early development then decreasing
We have different types of neurons
Genome in different ways show different color.

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13
Q

Each neuron has a unique…

A
  1. Location (area, layer)
  2. Connections (inputs, outputs)
  3. Electrical and chemical responses
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14
Q

Generating the brain bow?

A

All cells share the same genome sequence:
- genome is a map for all genes
- they read the genome on different ways

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15
Q

Darwin

A

genetic information is inherited directly from parents and doesn’t change much (except for mutations) -> biological

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16
Q

Lamarck

A

Organisms change during their lifetime and those adaptations are later passed onto offspring (giraffes) -> inherited

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17
Q

Epigenetic

A

Genetic information (DNA) combines with other factors (exp/env) and influences how genome is expressed.
-Expression of genome depends on physical and chemical change

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18
Q

Modification to DNA are epigenetic

A

Punctuation marks

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19
Q

Adult Neurogenesis

A

The brith of new neurons in an adult brain.
80 - 120 billion neurons in an adult human brain

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20
Q

How can we lose neurons?

A

Disease, injury, stress, and normal aging.

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21
Q

Two mani neurogenic regions

Study These Flashcards
A

The subgranular zone of the dentate gurus: (in the hippocampus)
The subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle: (these neurons migrate to the alfactory bulb)

22
Q

How can we gain neurons?

Study These Flashcards
A

Through adult neurogenesis (A: cuz that’s so helpful)

23
Q

Periods in granular cell development

Study These Flashcards
A

Proliferation: the birth of new cells
Differentiation: when the cells become granular cells
Survival: carry on in development make connections with other cells.

24
Q

Differential cells die…

Study These Flashcards
A

Roughly half of them die before or at 2 weeks after “birth” :(

25
Proliferation and survival are…
Highly regulated
26
Proliferation measure
- Marks for doublecortin (a protein expressed in the first 2-3 weeks of cellular development) - Allows to see a “snapshot” of how many cells were born 2-3 weeks ago
27
Survival measure
- Marks for 5’-bromo-2’-deoxyuride (BrdU) expressed during the survival phase - Allows to see how many cells made it through survival phase after some elapsed time
28
Effects on proliferation
Stress - decreases Physical exercise - increases Antidepressants - increases Aging - decreases Seizures - increases
29
Effects on Survival
Learning - increases Alcohol - decreases Dietary Restrictions - increases Enriching environments - increases
30
Adult neurogenesis occur in the
Hippocampus (a brain structure important fro learning and memory)
31
Adult neurogenesis can be regulated at different stages of neuron development T or F
True
32
Increased proliferation = there are more that survive T or F
False because not necessarily equal
33
Dentate gyrus
(In the hippocampus) Important to discriminate between similar experiences. Ex. Rats need dentate gyrus to tell between a new and old location. Ex. Humans show stronger sign when objects are subtly different from previously seen
34
When is the hyper-excitability period and what happens then?
Around 2.5 weeks and experiences excite the news cells more
35
Temporal selectivity
Newborn cells may exhibit activity selectors for experiences that occurred at a particular time.
36
Trying to understand what is the function that the dentate gyrus performs which level of analyst?
Computational
37
PTSD
Severe and ongoing emotional reaction to an extreme psychological trauma
38
Traumatic stress
Similar to PTSD but less intensity and duration
39
Acute stress disorder
Symptoms similar to PTSD that appear white in the first month of trauma. If symptoms persist - PTSD
40
Acute PTSD
PTSD that subsides within 3 months
41
Chronic PTSD
PTSD where the symptoms persist for longer than 3 months
42
Autonomic nervous system
Unconsciously regulated bodily functions (heart rate, breathing, digesting) - Sympathetic nervous system: fight or flight/arousal - Parasympathetic nervous system: counters the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (calm down)
43
PTSD symptoms
Nightmares, flashbacks, dissociation, insomnia, may commorbid psychiatric disorders, avoidance of reminders and extreme distress when exposed to the reminders (triggers)
44
Neural structure important to emotion
Lambic system: seat of basic emotions and learning
45
Amygdala
Project down all neurochemicals produced in the brain. Tight relationship with hippocampus ( more likely to memory things with emotions) - Fear conditioning - Enhancement of emotional memories - Recognition of emotional facial expressions - Psychopaths - Sex and addictions
46
Fear conditioning
* Initial sound alone - no response - no association yet * Respected trials of sound & shock - fear response - blood pressure increasing and freezing * Sound alone again no shock - fear response - association formed In rats with VentroMedial PreFrontal Cortex Lesion **extinction** successful during the day but the fear response returned with the same intensity after some time passed
47
Brains of people with PTSD
- Higher amygdala activation - Decreased vmPFC activation - Heightened response to fear with the inability to bring the response down. - decreased hippocampus volume: prevents interference with fear memories
48
VentroMedial PreFrontal Cortex recruitment
facilitates retention of extinction memory
49
Brain areas involved in fear
Amygdala: involved in forming associations wit outcomes (conditioned fear), enhancement of emotional memories Hippocampus: forming memories (memories of fear and trauma) Pre-frontal Cortex: necessary for controlling responses to stimuli
50
Lateral Amygdala
Forms fear association
51
Effects of findings on PTSD
- important to consider prefrontal cortex and not just amygdala and temporal lobe. - may be a combination of over-learning the fear response and the failure to downregulate that response.

Cogs 1 i (12 decks)

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