Week 5

Question 1

Freud likened the id to which principle?

A. Reality principle
B. Pleasure principle
C. Morality principle
D. Perfection principle

Answer 1

B. Pleasure principle ✅

✅ Justification: The id seeks immediate gratification in line with the pleasure principle.

📚 Week 5 – 5.1 Structural Model

Question 2

The ego operates primarily at which level(s) of consciousness?

A. Unconscious only
B. Preconscious only
C. Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
D. Conscious only

Answer 2

C. Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious ✅

✅ Justification: Ego mediates across all three topographic levels.

📚 Week 5 – 5.1 Structural & Topographic Models

Question 3

According to Freud, psychic energy is driven by libido (life instinct) and _____.

A. Thanatos (death instinct)
B. Cathexis
C. Anima
D. Sublimation

Answer 3

A. Thanatos (death instinct) ✅

✅ Justification: Libido and Thanatos form competing instinctual drives.

📚 Week 5 – 5.1 Instincts

Question 4

In psychoanalytic theory, repression is classed as a(n):

A. Ego ideal
B. Defence mechanism
C. Psychosexual stage
D. Archetype

Answer 4

B. Defence mechanism ✅

✅ Justification: Repression banishes anxiety‐provoking thoughts from awareness.

📚 Week 5 – 5.1 Defence Mechanisms

Question 5

Redirecting unacceptable impulses toward a socially valued activity (e.g., boxing) exemplifies:

A. Projection
B. Displacement
C. Sublimation
D. Denial

Answer 5

C. Sublimation ✅

✅ Justification: Sublimation channels drives into constructive outlets.

📚 Week 5 – 5.1 Defence Mechanisms

Question 6

The Oedipus complex occurs during which psychosexual stage?

A. Oral
B. Anal
C. Phallic
D. Genital

Answer 6

C. Phallic ✅

✅ Justification: Phallic stage (≈ 3–5 yrs) features oedipal dynamics.

📚 Week 5 – 5.1 Psychosexual Stages

Question 7

Fixation at the anal expulsive subtype is theorised to foster traits of:

A. Orderliness and stinginess
B. Messiness and generosity
C. Dependency and gullibility
D. Vanity and recklessness

Answer 7

B. Messiness and generosity ✅

✅ Justification: Anal‐expulsive fixation yields messy, wasteful tendencies.

📚 Week 5 – 5.1 Psychosexual Fixations

Question 8

Jung’s collective unconscious is populated by universal symbols called:

A. Complexes
B. Archetypes
C. Cathexes
D. Ideals

Answer 8

B. Archetypes ✅

✅ Justification: Archetypes are inherited, shared motifs (e.g., Mother, Shadow).

📚 Week 5 – 5.2 Neo-Freudian Revisions (Jung)

Question 9

Adler argued the primary human drive is:

A. Libido
B. Death instinct
C. Striving for superiority
D. Pleasure seeking

Answer 9

C. Striving for superiority ✅

✅ Justification: Adler replaced sexual energy with compensatory striving for mastery.

📚 Week 5 – 5.2 Neo-Freudian Revisions (Adler)

Question 10

Horney critiqued Freud’s concept of “penis envy,” proposing instead the idea of:

A. Womb envy in men
B. Thanatos
C. Shadow integration
D. Inferiority complex

Answer 10

A. Womb envy in men ✅

✅ Justification: Horney posited men envy women’s reproductive capacity.

📚 Week 5 – 5.2 Neo-Freudian Revisions (Horney)

Question 11

Erikson’s first psychosocial crisis is:

A. Autonomy vs. Shame
B. Trust vs. Mistrust
C. Initiative vs. Guilt
D. Identity vs. Role confusion

Answer 11

B. Trust vs. Mistrust ✅

✅ Justification: Infancy centres on developing basic trust.

📚 Week 5 – 5.2 Ego Psychology (Erikson)

Question 12

Object-relations theory emphasises:

A. Biological drives only
B. Internalised relationships with caregivers
C. Libido and Thanatos
D. Behavioural contingencies

Answer 12

B. Internalised relationships with caregivers ✅

✅ Justification: Focuses on mental representations of early bonds.

📚 Week 5 – 5.2 Object-Relations

Question 13

Bowlby described children using parents as a secure base in exploring—the hallmark of:

A. Avoidant attachment
B. Anxious-ambivalent attachment
C. Secure attachment
D. Disorganised attachment

Answer 13

C. Secure attachment ✅

✅ Justification: Secure infants seek proximity yet explore confidently.

📚 Week 5 – 5.2 Attachment Theory

Question 14

Adult avoidant attachment is associated with which relationship style?

A. Clingy dependence
B. Comfort with intimacy
C. Discomfort with closeness and excessive self-reliance
D. High trust and commitment

Answer 14

C. Discomfort with closeness and excessive self-reliance ✅

✅ Justification: Avoidant adults distance themselves emotionally.

📚 Week 5 – 5.2 Adult Attachment Styles

Question 15

Freud’s method of uncovering unconscious conflict via patient speech flow is called:

A. Dream analysis
B. Free association
C. Projective testing
D. Transference interpretation

Answer 15

B. Free association ✅

✅ Justification: Free association circumvents censorship to access latent content.

📚 Week 5 – 5.1 Psychoanalytic Therapy Methods

Question 16

Transference in therapy occurs when a client:

A. Projects traits onto the analyst
B. Experiences catharsis
C. Denies recollections
D. Sublimates impulses

Answer 16

A. Projects traits onto the analyst ✅

✅ Justification: Client redirects feelings for significant others onto therapist.

📚 Week 5 – 5.1 Therapeutic Processes

Question 17

According to modern empirical tests, repression operates as:

A. Intentional forgetting only
B. Automatic, unconscious avoidance of reminders
C. Myth with no evidence
D. Product of suggestion alone

Answer 17

B. Automatic, unconscious avoidance of reminders ✅

✅ Justification: Lab paradigms show non-conscious memory suppression under stress cues.

📚 Week 5 – 5.2 Contemporary Evidence

Question 18

Which statement best reflects contemporary views on childhood sexual development?

A. Psychosexual stages are universally accepted
B. Evidence supports latency as highly erotic
C. Erotic focus is less fixed and more variable than Freud proposed
D. Stages end in early childhood

Answer 18

C. Erotic focus is less fixed and more variable than Freud proposed ✅

✅ Justification: Research shows broader variability than Freud’s strict stage model.

📚 Week 5 – 5.2 Critiques of Freud

Question 19

Research suggests that narcissism combines grandiosity with deficits in:

A. Ego strength
B. Secure attachment
C. Libido
D. Defence mechanisms

Answer 19

B. Secure attachment ✅

✅ Justification: Narcissistic traits correlate with avoidant/ambivalent attachment patterns.

📚 Week 5 – 5.2 Attachment & Personality Disorders

Question 20

From the ego-psychology perspective, ego control refers to:

A. Complete repression of id
B. Flexibility in impulse expression
C. Moral conscience formation
D. Archetypal integration

Answer 20

B. Flexibility in impulse expression ✅

✅ Justification: Ego control indexes inhibition vs. spontaneity balance.

📚 Week 5 – 5.2 Ego Psychology

Question 21

Which defence mechanism involves attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts to another person?

A. Reaction formation
B. Projection
C. Displacement
D. Rationalisation

Answer 21

B. Projection ✅

✅ Justification: Projection externalises internal impulses onto others.

📚 Week 5 – 5.1 Defence Mechanisms

Question 22

Evidence for Freudian dream wish-fulfilment is weakest because modern sleep studies show:

A. REM dreams lack emotional content
B. Dreams often contain mundane or threatening scenarios
C. People stop dreaming after puberty
D. Dream recall equals wish fulfillment

Answer 22

B. Dreams often contain mundane or threatening scenarios ✅

✅ Justification: Empirical dream content rarely matches pure wish realisation.

📚 Week 5 – 5.2 Scientific Appraisal of Dreams

Question 23

According to classical psychoanalysis, anxiety resulting from id-ego conflict is:

A. Neurotic anxiety
B. Moral anxiety
C. Objective anxiety
D. Reality anxiety

Answer 23

A. Neurotic anxiety ✅

✅ Justification: Neurotic anxiety = fear of id impulses overpowering ego control.

📚 Week 5 – 5.1 Types of Anxiety

Question 24

Defence mechanisms are considered adaptive when they:

A. Are used rigidly and inflexibly
B. Distort reality severely
C. Reduce anxiety with minimal reality distortion
D. Eliminate all anxiety permanently

Answer 24

C. Reduce anxiety with minimal reality distortion ✅

✅ Justification: Mature defences (e.g., sublimation) alleviate distress while preserving functioning.

📚 Week 5 – 5.1 Function of Defences

Question 25

Which Neo-Freudian theorist emphasised **birth order** effects on personality? A. Horney B. Jung C. Adler D. Erikson

Answer 25

C. Adler ✅ ✅ Justification: Adler argued sibling order shapes compensation strategies. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – 5.2 Adlerian Theory

Question 26

## Question 26 According to **Henry Murray**, a *press* is best defined as: A. An internal need B. An external condition that influences the expression of a need C. A behavioural act D. A conscious goal

Answer 26

B. An external condition that influences the expression of a need ✅ ✅ Justification: Murray distinguished internal needs from environmental presses that activate them. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – 5.3 Murray’s Theory

Question 27

Which projective technique did Murray and Morgan design to measure implicit motives? A. Rorschach Inkblot Test B. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) C. Sentence-Completion Test D. Draw-A-Person Test

Answer 27

B. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) ✅ ✅ Justification: TAT stories reveal unconscious needs via imaginative narratives. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – 5.3 Projective Tests

Question 28

McClelland’s research shows that individuals high in **Need for Achievement (nAch)** prefer tasks that are: A. Extremely easy B. Extremely difficult C. Moderately challenging with clear feedback D. Team-based and cooperative

Answer 28

C. Moderately challenging with clear feedback ✅ ✅ Justification: nAch individuals seek moderate risk and diagnostic feedback. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – nAch Characteristics

Question 29

A consistent behavioural indicator of **Need for Power (nPow)** is a tendency to: A. Avoid leadership positions B. Experience strong physiological arousal after dominance contests C. Choose cooperative games exclusively D. Exhibit high anxiety in social settings

Answer 29

B. Experience strong physiological arousal after dominance contests ✅ ✅ Justification: nPow correlates with cortisol/testosterone spikes after winning or losing. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – nPow Correlates

Question 30

The motive for **Intimacy (nInt)** differs from Affiliation in that nInt emphasises: A. Quantity of social contacts B. Quality and depth of close relationships C. Public recognition D. Competitive group games

Answer 30

B. Quality and depth of close relationships ✅ ✅ Justification: nInt centres on warm, close dyadic interactions. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – nInt vs nAff

Question 31

Research shows that **high nInt individuals** typically: A. Interrupt conversations frequently B. Use more “we” and “us” pronouns C. Exhibit poor marital satisfaction D. Prefer solitary activities

Answer 31

B. Use more “we” and “us” pronouns ✅ ✅ Justification: Language markers reflect intimacy orientation. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – Linguistic Correlates

Question 32

In **Self-Determination Theory (SDT)**, the three basic psychological needs are autonomy, _____, and relatedness. A. Power B. Competence C. Achievement D. Intimacy

Answer 32

B. Competence ✅ ✅ Justification: Competence complements autonomy and relatedness in SDT. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – 5.3 SDT Essentials

Question 33

An employee who pursues a task because it is *personally interesting* rather than for a bonus demonstrates: A. Controlled motivation B. Intrinsic motivation C. External regulation D. Introjected regulation

Answer 33

B. Intrinsic motivation ✅ ✅ Justification: SDT defines intrinsic motivation as activity for inherent satisfaction. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – SDT Motivation Types

Question 34

According to SDT, providing **rationale** for a requested task mainly supports the need for: A. Relatedness B. Competence C. Autonomy D. Achievement

Answer 34

C. Autonomy ✅ ✅ Justification: Rationale enhances volition and perceived self-endorsement. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – Autonomy-Supportive Contexts

Question 35

High **implicit nAch** combined with **explicit low achievement values** is an example of: A. Motive congruence B. Motive incongruence C. Reactive heritability D. Displacement

Answer 35

B. Motive incongruence ✅ ✅ Justification: Implicit vs explicit motives diverge, producing potential tension. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – Implicit vs Explicit Motives

Question 36

Which statement about the **Picture-Story Exercise (PSE)** is true? A. Uses forced-choice items B. Requires participants to memorise word lists C. Coded for motive imagery themes like achievement, power, intimacy D. Produces only explicit self-ratings

Answer 36

C. Coded for motive imagery themes like achievement, power, intimacy ✅ ✅ Justification: PSE scoring mirrors TAT coding for implicit motives. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – Projective Scoring

Question 37

Modern research shows that **conscientiousness** correlates **positively** with explicit self-ratings of achievement but: A. Negatively with implicit nAch B. Shows little relation with implicit nAch C. Perfectly mirrors implicit nAch D. Is unrelated to academic success

Answer 37

B. Shows little relation with implicit nAch ✅ ✅ Justification: Implicit and explicit systems often operate independently. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – Motive–Trait Links

Question 38

Kelly’s **personal construct theory** views people as: A. Driven by unconscious libido B. Scientists who develop templates to predict events C. Passive recipients of environmental stimuli D. Motivated solely by reinforcement

Answer 38

B. Scientists who develop templates to predict events ✅ ✅ Justification: Core metaphor = “man-the-scientist,” building personal constructs. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – 5.4 Cognitive Topics

Question 39

The **Role Construct Repertory Test (Rep Test)** is designed to: A. Measure sensation seeking B. Reveal bipolar personal constructs C. Diagnose defence mechanisms D. Assess implicit motives

Answer 39

B. Reveal bipolar personal constructs ✅ ✅ Justification: Participants compare key figures to elicit idiosyncratic constructs. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – Rep Test Procedure

Question 40

According to **Rotter**, individuals with an **internal locus of control** believe outcomes are: A. Randomly determined B. Controlled by powerful others C. Under their own influence D. Predestined by fate

Answer 40

C. Under their own influence ✅ ✅ Justification: Internal locus emphasises personal agency over events. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – Locus of Control

Question 41

Seligman’s original **learned helplessness** experiments used which animal and stimulus? A. Rats & water maze B. Dogs & inescapable shocks C. Cats & loud noise D. Pigeons & food deprivation

Answer 41

B. Dogs & inescapable shocks ✅ ✅ Justification: Dogs exposed to unavoidable shock ceased escape attempts. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – Learned Helplessness Origin

Question 42

The **optimistic explanatory style** attributes failures to causes that are: A. Internal, stable, global B. External, unstable, specific C. Internal, unstable, global D. External, stable, global

Answer 42

B. External, unstable, specific ✅ ✅ Justification: Optimists see setbacks as temporary, limited in scope, not self-global. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – Explanatory Styles

Question 43

Bandura defined **self-efficacy** as the belief in one’s: A. Overall self-worth B. Value to others C. Capability to organise and execute actions D. Inherent intelligence

Answer 43

C. Capability to organise and execute actions ✅ ✅ Justification: Self-efficacy concerns perceived capability for specific tasks. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – Self-Efficacy Theory

Question 44

Which intervention **most effectively** raises self-efficacy? A. Verbal persuasion alone B. Mastery experiences (successful performance) C. Watching unrelated videos D. Punishment for errors

Answer 44

B. Mastery experiences (successful performance) ✅ ✅ Justification: Performance successes provide strongest efficacy cues. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – Self-Efficacy Sources

Question 45

Research suggests that **high self-efficacy** is associated with: A. Increased anxiety B. Greater persistence after failure C. Preference for chance tasks D. Lower intrinsic motivation

Answer 45

B. Greater persistence after failure ✅ ✅ Justification: Belief in capability fuels persistence and resilience. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – Outcomes of Self-Efficacy

Question 46

In **Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)**, behaviour variability stems from: A. Stable if-then behavioural signatures B. Unconscious drives only C. Random error D. Single overarching traits

Answer 46

A. Stable if-then behavioural signatures ✅ ✅ Justification: CAPS posits if-then contingencies linking situation cues to responses. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – 5.4 CAPS Model

Question 47

A major critique of projective tests like the TAT is their: A. High face validity B. Low inter-rater reliability C. Excessive brevity D. Lack of narrative data

Answer 47

B. Low inter-rater reliability ✅ ✅ Justification: Scoring stories can be subjective; agreements vary. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – Projective Test Limitations

Question 48

Studies using **Picture Story Exercise** find that implicit **nPow** in leaders predicts: A. Lower group cohesion B. Increased prosocial organisational change C. No effect on subordinates D. Always destructive dominance

Answer 48

B. Increased prosocial organisational change ✅ ✅ Justification: High nPow combined with responsibility predicts positive leadership behaviours. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – nPow & Leadership

Question 49

Murray’s term **“alpha press”** refers to: A. The subjective interpretation of an event B. The *objective* reality of a situation C. Repression of a memory D. Measured defensive projection

Answer 49

B. The *objective* reality of a situation ✅ ✅ Justification: Alpha press = objective environment; beta press = perceived reality. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – Press Concepts

Question 50

According to SDT, **introjected regulation** involves behaviour motivated by: A. Pure enjoyment B. External rewards C. Internalised pressure (guilt/ego) D. Integrated personal values

Answer 50

C. Internalised pressure (guilt/ego) ✅ ✅ Justification: Introjection = “should” acting to avoid guilt or boost ego, not fully autonomous. ## Footnote 📚 Week 5 – Motivation Continuum