Week 6 Flashcards
(25 cards)
According to sociometer theory, self-esteem functions primarily as a(n):
A. Source of unconditional self-love
B. Gauge of social inclusion and exclusion
C. Measure of personal morality
D. Stable personality trait unrelated to context
B. Gauge of social inclusion and exclusion ✅
✅ Justification: Leary posits self-esteem evolved to monitor one’s relational value in groups.
📚 Week 6 – 6.1 Sociometer Theory
The self-concept differs from social identity in that self-concept is:
A. Publicly observable by others
B. A private descriptive knowledge structure about oneself
C. Completely fixed after childhood
D. Determined solely by culture
B. A private descriptive knowledge structure about oneself ✅
✅ Justification: Self-concept is internal; identity is the self presented outwardly.
📚 Week 6 – 6.1 Components of the Self
Higgins’ ideal self represents:
A. Who significant others think you should be
B. Who you fear becoming
C. Who you personally wish to become
D. Your current self-concept
C. Who you personally wish to become ✅
✅ Justification: The ideal self is a motivational self-guide reflecting personal aspirations.
📚 Week 6 – Possible Selves
Deliberately not studying so one can blame poor grades on lack of effort is an example of:
A. Defensive pessimism
B. Self-handicapping
C. False consensus effect
D. Self-verification
B. Self-handicapping ✅
✅ Justification: Self-handicapping creates obstacles to excuse potential failure.
📚 Week 6 – Self-Handicapping
High self-monitors tend to have friendship groups that are:
A. One unified circle
B. Segmented for different social contexts
C. Non-existent
D. Limited to family
B. Segmented for different social contexts ✅
✅ Justification: High SMs adapt personas across multiple distinct social networks.
📚 Week 6 – Self-Monitoring Traits
Which of Snyder’s three self-monitoring factors captures skill at expressive performance?
A. Extraversion
B. Acting
C. Other-directedness
D. Principled identity
B. Acting ✅
✅ Justification: The Acting factor indexes theatrical versatility and emotional display.
📚 Week 6 – Three-Factor Model
Research shows high self-monitors are more likely than low self-monitors to:
A. Stay in the same job for decades
B. Be promoted rapidly and recruited often
C. Reject leadership roles
D. Date exclusively
B. Be promoted rapidly and recruited often ✅
✅ Justification: Their adaptability and networking place them in central organisational positions.
📚 Week 6 – Career Impact Video
In dating research, high self-monitors are more likely than low self-monitors to:
A. Maintain long exclusive relationships
B. Date multiple partners concurrently
C. Avoid dating friends
D. Marry early
B. Date multiple partners concurrently ✅
✅ Justification: High SMs keep options open and navigate diverse social scenes.
📚 Week 6 – Self-Monitoring & Dating
A child praised for being “smart” (trait praise) is more likely to _____ when tasks become difficult.
A. Seek greater challenges
B. Avoid challenges and give up
C. Show equal persistence
D. Display no emotional reaction
B. Avoid challenges and give up ✅
✅ Justification: Dweck’s work shows trait praise fosters helpless orientation under failure.
📚 Week 6 – Feel-Good About Failure Video
The belief that violence stems mainly from low self-esteem is listed among Baumeister’s:
A. Empirically supported findings
B. Six myths about self-esteem
C. Sociometer predictions
D. Stocker’s steps
B. Six myths about self-esteem ✅
✅ Justification: Evidence links aggression to inflated or defensive high self-esteem, not low.
📚 Week 6 – Self-Esteem Misconceptions
Stocker’s first step for overcoming shyness is to:
A. Focus attention inward
B. Appear—show up in feared situations
C. Avoid anxious contexts
D. Critique one’s performance
B. Appear—show up in feared situations ✅
✅ Justification: Exposure breaks avoidance and reduces anxiety through habituation.
📚 Week 6 – Steps to Tackle Shyness
Individuals high in affect intensity typically experience emotions that are:
A. Mild and gradual
B. Strong and rapidly fluctuating
C. Absent under stress
D. Unrelated to personality traits
B. Strong and rapidly fluctuating ✅
✅ Justification: High AIM scorers report extreme highs and lows across days.
📚 Week 6 – Affect Intensity Measure
Costa & McCrae found that the strongest Big-Five predictors of subjective well-being are:
A. High Agreeableness, low Openness
B. High Extraversion, low Neuroticism
C. High Conscientiousness, low Agreeableness
D. High Openness, low Extraversion
B. High Extraversion, low Neuroticism ✅
✅ Justification: Positive affect ↔ extraversion; negative affect ↔ neuroticism.
📚 Week 6 – Personality & Happiness
In the direct model of personality–well-being links, traits influence well-being by:
A. Shaping emotion-eliciting lifestyles
B. Directly biasing emotional reactivity to events
C. Having no effect on emotion
D. Affecting immune function only
B. Directly biasing emotional reactivity to events ✅
✅ Justification: Direct model posits traits colour emotional responses independent of behaviour.
📚 Week 6 – Direct vs Indirect Models
A pessimistic explanatory style attributes bad events to causes that are:
A. External, unstable, specific
B. Internal, stable, global
C. External, stable, global
D. Internal, unstable, specific
B. Internal, stable, global ✅
✅ Justification: Beck’s cognitive triad defines these attribution patterns.
📚 Week 6 – Cognitive Theories of Depression
Which trait shows the strongest and most consistent link to lower all-cause mortality in Jokela et al.’s meta-analysis?
A. Extraversion
B. Conscientiousness
C. Openness
D. Neuroticism
B. Conscientiousness ✅
✅ Justification: Only low conscientiousness predicted higher mortality across 76 k adults.
📚 Week 6 – Personality & Mortality Reading
Conscientious individuals likely experience better health partly because they:
A. Ignore medical advice
B. Engage in healthier behaviours such as exercise and dental care
C. Possess stronger immune genes
D. Have lower baseline cortisol only
B. Engage in healthier behaviours such as exercise and dental care ✅
✅ Justification: High C predicts diligence in preventive health routines.
📚 Week 6 – Learning Activity 6.1
The Type A behaviour pattern is characterised by competitiveness, impatience, and:
A. High agreeableness
B. Hostility and anger
C. Low neuroticism
D. Emotional detachment
B. Hostility and anger ✅
✅ Justification: Hostile component links Type A to cardiovascular risk.
📚 Week 6 – Anger & Personality
Eysenck theorised that high neuroticism stems from a limbic system that is:
A. Less easily activated
B. More easily activated
C. Larger in volume
D. Underactive during stress
B. More easily activated ✅
✅ Justification: Sensitive limbic reactivity produces frequent negative emotions.
📚 Week 6 – Biological Theory of Neuroticism
Which combination best describes the content and style of emotion?
A. Type of emotion; frequency/intensity
B. Frequency; biological basis
C. Intensity; cognitive appraisal
D. Valence; bodily expression
A. Type of emotion; frequency/intensity ✅
✅ Justification: Content = emotion category; style = how it is typically experienced.
📚 Week 6 – Content vs Style
The categorical approach to emotion research focuses on:
A. Two orthogonal evaluative dimensions
B. Identifying a set of basic discrete emotions
C. Self-report mood ratings
D. Variability of affect intensity
B. Identifying a set of basic discrete emotions ✅
✅ Justification: Categorical theorists define primary emotions (e.g., Ekman’s six).
📚 Week 6 – Categorical vs Dimensional
Which of the following traits predicts greater susceptibility to coronary heart disease mainly through hostility?
A. High agreeableness
B. Low conscientiousness
C. Type A personality
D. High openness
C. Type A personality ✅
✅ Justification: Hostile Type A individuals show elevated CHD risk.
📚 Week 6 – Personality & Health Video
In Kagan’s study, shy children pushed by parents to interact with peers later became:
A. More shy
B. Less shy
C. Socially anxious adults
D. Introverted but comfortable
B. Less shy ✅
✅ Justification: Exposure reduced long-term social anxiety.
📚 Week 6 – Kagan Findings on Embarrassment
Identity deficit differs from identity conflict because identity deficit involves:
A. Two incompatible identities
B. Underdeveloped sense of direction and choice paralysis
C. Anxiety over social evaluation
D. Stable role commitments
B. Underdeveloped sense of direction and choice paralysis ✅
✅ Justification: Deficit = lack of clear values/commitments; conflict = clashing roles.
📚 Week 6 – Identity Crises
