Week 5- Body Structure/ Homeostasis

Question 1

What are the 5 principle body cavities?

Answer 1

1) Cranial 2) Vertebral 3) Thoracic 4) Abdominal 5) Pelvic

Question 2

What is peritoneum ?

Answer 2

The membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity covers the organs

Question 3

Why is a constant internal environment essential?

Answer 3

ensure that biological processes occur normally at the appropriate rate

A variation of normal can cause stress, illness, death.

Question 4

What are serous membranes?

Answer 4

Filled with watery serous fluids that lubes organs

Question 5

What is anterior ?

Answer 5

Front of body

Question 6

Positive feedbacks system facts…

Answer 6

• Very rare, can potentially cause damage.
• if there is a stress, the positive feedback loop will increase that stress.
• situations where a positive feedback is essential in restoring homeostasis:
  e. g. during child birth

fever during disease

Question 7

What is Median?

Answer 7

In the middle of a structure **DIFFERENT than medial**

Question 8

What is the pleura?

Answer 8

The membrane that lines the pleural cavity covers lungs

Question 9

What is posterior ?

Answer 9

Back of body

Question 10

Where is the pelvic cavity located?

Answer 10

Near the pelvis

Question 11

Negative feedback system facts..

Answer 11

• Most common mechanism for maintaining homeostasis
• If there is a stress the system responds to decrease that particular stress.
• Examples of negative feedback systems:

Blood pressure control

Temperature regulation

Blood sugar levels

Blood O2 & CO2 levels etc.

Question 12

What is the sagittal plane of motion?

Answer 12

Cuts the body vertically (left/right)

Question 13

Where is the thoracic cavity located?

Answer 13

Near the chest

Question 14

Internal environment generally refers to what?

Answer 14

Extracellular fluids (the fluids in the body, outside of the cell)

Question 15

What is the top of your feet ?

Answer 15

Posterior

Question 16

What is parietal vs visceral?

Answer 16

Parietal is firming the outer wall of the cavity and visceral is outlining the organs/inner layer

Question 17

Example of negative feedback mechanism

Answer 17

Blood Pressure:

1) Factor/stimulus: Some stimulus disrupts homeostasis by Receptors Increasing Blood pressure
2) Receptors: Baroreceptors in certain blood vessels send nerve impulses
3) Control Centre: Brain interprets input and sends nerve impulses
4) Effector: Heart/Blood Vessels (A decrease in heart rate decreases blood pressure)
* Return to homeostasis when response brings blood pressure back to normal*

Question 18

What are tissues?

Answer 18

Any distinct type of material that animals and plants are made of

Question 19

What is homeostasis?

Answer 19

When your body’s internal functions work to maintain constant to ensure normal functioning.

Question 20

Negative feedback mechanism with excessive cold

Answer 20

1) Factor/stimulus- Excessive cold
2) Receptors- Thermoreceptors (afferent)
3) Control centre- Hyppthalamus (efferent)
4) Effectors- nervous stimulattion to:

sweat glands

blood vessels (contract)

skeletal muscles

5) Response- “goose bumps”, Vasoconstriction in skin, Shivering
6) Stimulus end- Heat gain

Question 21

What is intermediate?

Answer 21

In between medial and lateral

Question 22

What is a feedback loop?

Answer 22

1) Factor/Stimulus
2) Sensor: detects state of factor and reports to:
3) Control Center: receives report from sensor, makes decision and sends command to:
4) Effector : makes corrections, if required

Question 23

What are the the two main parts of extracellular fluid?

Answer 23

1) Interstitial fluids- mainly between cells
2) plasma- blood minus the cells

Question 24

Where is the Vertebral cavity located?

Answer 24

Near the spinal chord

Question 25

Where is the abdominal cavity located?

Answer 25

Near the abdomen

Question 26

What is the flow between compartments?

Answer 26

- Plasma fluid can exchange materials with intracellular fluid through the circulatory system. - Interstitial fluid can exchange materials with the intracellular fluid. - Fluid is also exchanged between the extracellular compartments. - Interstitial fluid can return to the circulatory system through the lymphatic system (15%)

Question 27

What are the 3 conditions essential for normal functioning?

Answer 27

1) Proper amounts of nutrients, gases, water, salts 2) Optimal temperature- For normal biochemical reactions and molecular structure 3) Optimal pressures- Various fluid pressures in body.

Question 28

Homeostasis is..

Answer 28

A dynamic condition

Question 29

What is the difference of proximal and distal?

Answer 29

Proximal is when the structure is closer to the point of attachment Distal is when the structure is further away from the point of attachment

Question 30

What is Pericardium?

Answer 30

The membrane that lines the pericardial cavity Covers the heart

Question 31

What is transverse plane of motion?

Answer 31

Cuts the body in half parallel to ground (top, bottom)

Question 32

What is the difference of superior vs. inferior ?

Answer 32

Superior is higher / closer to the head and inferior is lower/ further from the head.

Question 33

What is the back of the hand?

Answer 33

Posterior

Question 34

What is the difference of peripheral and central?

Answer 34

Peripheral is away from the centre, central is towards the centre

Question 35

What is the difference of deep and superficial for an animal/structure?

Answer 35

Deep- closer towards the middle of the structure, further away from the surface level. Superficial- near the outer surface.

Question 36

What are blood vessel walls?

Answer 36

The barrier between the interstitial fluids and plasma.

Question 37

How does positive feedback mechanism work for child birth?

Answer 37

1) **Factor/stimulus:** Contractions of wall of uterus force baby's head or body into the cervix. 2) **Sensor:** Stretching of cervix Stretch-sensitive nerve cells in cervix 3) **Control centre:** Brain interprets input and releases oxytonin. 4) **Effector:** Muscles in wall of uterus contract more forcefully. Baby's body stretches cervix more.

Question 38

Where is the cranial body cavity located?

Answer 38

Near the brain

Question 39

What is medial?

Answer 39

Towards the centre of the body

Question 40

What is lateral?

Answer 40

Towards the outside of the body

Question 41

negative feedback mechanism with excessive heat

Answer 41

1) Stimulus- Excessive heat 2) Receptors- Thermoreceptor (afferent) 3) Control centre- Hypothalamus (brain) 4) Effectors: nervous stimulation to: sweat glands Blood Vessels (dilate) Skeletal muscles 5) Response- Sweat gland secretion, Vasodilation in skin, Reduced muscle tone 6) stimulus ends- heat loss

Question 42

What is the front of the hand ?

Answer 42

Anterior

Question 43

What is extracellular fluid?

Answer 43

Fluid in the body that is outside of the cell. found in the blood, in lymph, in tissues, in joints, the eyes, the brain, etc.

Question 44

What is supine?

Answer 44

Face up / on your back

Question 45

What is frontal plane of motion?

Answer 45

Cuts the body vertically (front/back)

Question 46

What is stress?

Answer 46

Any condition that causes an imbalance / variation in the body’s normal internal environment AKA- any condition that threatens / disrupts the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis

Question 47

What is that anatomical position?

Answer 47

Standardized standing position - standing straight up - facing observer - palms facing forward - arms at sides

Question 48

What is prone?

Answer 48

Face down/ on your stomach

Question 49

What is the sole of feet?

Answer 49

Anterior

Question 50

What can cause stress?

Answer 50

**External factors:** e.g. Low O2 concentrations variation in ambient temperature infection **Internal factors:** e.g. variation in blood pressure variation in blood sugar levels variation in O2 & CO2 levels