Week 5: Linking genes, environment and behaviour: living Great apes in the wild

Question 1

According to Lorenz (1965) behaviour changes occur through the action of two processes:

Answer 1

phylogeny
and
ontogeny

Question 2

___________ is the representation of the evolutionary history and relationships between groups of organisms.

Answer 2

Phylogeny

(behaviour is altered in ways that reflect environmental changes)

Question 3

Phylogenic process is governed by:
evolution of _______ _______ (Darwin) and it takes place within many generations of species.

Answer 3

natural selection

Question 4

Mechanisms for change operate at the level of _____________.

Answer 4

individual

(individual carries the genes which are passed only in case of successful reproduction)

Question 5

_________ refers to development/changes in behaviour within an individual’s lifetime due to changes in the environment or _________ and ___________.

Answer 5

Ontogeny,

• maturation = prenatal developmental changes such as walking, talking
• learning = changes in behaviour due to experiences which may increase adaptability and chance of survival

Question 6

Grate apes include:

Answer 6

chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, humans

Question 7

Apes are divided into two subfamilies:

Answer 7

ponginae (orangutan)

homininae (gorillas, chimpanzee, humans)

Question 8

Non-human apes are close to humans:

Answer 8

anatomically
genetically
cognitivly

Question 9

_________ are most related/close to humans compared to other apes.

Answer 9

Chimpanzees

Question 10

________ are more close to chimpanzee/humans than orangutans.

Answer 10

Gorillas

Question 11

Arrested ___________ : some males mature sexually but not physically

Answer 11

adolescence or development

Question 12

What is ontogeny?
Select one:
a.
Involves development or change in behaviour within the lifetime of an individual.
b.
changes in the environment
c.
changes in an individual’s learning

Answer 12

a.
Involves development or change in behaviour within the lifetime of an individual.

Question 13

What is pyhlogeny?
Select one or more:
a.
a change that can take place across generations within a species
b.
a change that is governed by principles of evolution by natural selection
c.
a change that depends on ontogenetic change

Answer 13

a.
a change that can take place across generations within a species
b.
a change that is governed by principles of evolution by natural selection
c.
a change that depends on ontogenetic change

Question 14

Non-human great apes are very like humans:
Select one or more:
a.
cognitively
b.
None of these
c.
genetically
d.
anatomically

Answer 14

a.
cognitively
c.
genetically
d.
anatomically

Question 15

Chimpanzees are more closely related to humans (genus Homo) than to other great apes.

True
False

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Gorillas are more closely related to the chimpanzee-human duo than to orangutans:

True
False

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Bornean and Sumatran orangutans are different in what ways?
Select one or more:
a.
reproductively
b.
physically
c.
chromosomally
d.
cognitively

Answer 17

a.
reproductively
b.
physically
c.
chromosomally

Question 18

There are possible fossil ancestors for gorillas but only a set of teeth for chimpanzees.
True
False

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Rape is common is ________.

Answer 19

orangutans

Question 20

Rape in orangutans is committed by small males “arrested in adolescence” True/False

Answer 20

True
(They pray on single females with no support).

Question 21

By raping, these males may fertilise females who would otherwise not choose to mate with
them. True/False

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Up to ____ percent of mating is a result of rapes.

Answer 22

88

Question 23

Rape can last for ____ minutes and females let out ‘rape grunts’.

Answer 23

10

Question 24

Infanticide is common for _________.

Answer 24

gorillas

Question 25

The reason for infanticide is usually the death of a dominant protecting male and removal of competitors genes. True/False

Answer 25

True

Question 26

‘Domestic violence’ (battering females) is commonly observed in _________.

Answer 26

Chimpanzees

Question 27

Battering starts when males reach adolescence and is done to establish dominance over females. True/False

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Lack of bonds between female chimpanzees and strong male bonds enables battering. True/False

Answer 28

True

Question 29

_________ are the gentle/sexy apes

Answer 29

Bonobos

Question 30

Co-dominance between males and females is common in bonobos. True/False

Answer 30

True

Question 31

2 species of Pan:

Answer 31

• Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
• Bonobo (Pan paniscus)

Question 32

Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
* live in rainforests & savannah
woodlands of west, central & east
Africa
* 100 years ago: >1 million across Africa
* Now: < 300,000

Question 33

Chimp subspieces:
* Western Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus)
* Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti)
* Central Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes)
* Eastern Chimpanzee

Question 34

Compared to bonobos, _____________ have a more
robust appearance, with a stouter more muscular
build.

Answer 34

chimpanzees

Question 35

Adult male chimpanzees
are extreme/moderately larger
than adult females?

Answer 35

moderately

Question 36

Contrast with extreme
size difference between
adult male & female is in
_________ and __________.

Answer 36

gorillas & orangutans

Question 37

Activity budget (daytime) for adult females in the wild/captivity?
* 30% foraging
* 40% resting
* 30% travelling

Answer 37

wild

Question 38

Activity budgets (daytime) for
captive chimpanzees have:
* less ‘work’ (foraging &
travelling) &
* more ‘leisure’ (resting)
True/False

Answer 38

True
(Possible problems in captivity:
boredom, ‘aberrant’
behaviours, stereotypy, obesity)

Question 39

Chimps live in large groups:
* usually 40-60 chimpanzees (can be 15-120)
* sex ratio approximately equal

Question 40

BROADLY TERRITORIAL
* ranges may overlap by 20%, but always > _______ km
between two groups

Answer 40

5

Question 41

Usually travel in small/large groups?

Answer 41

small
* up to 10 in Gombe, up to 20 in rainforest
* Fission: Fusion society

Question 42

Female bonobos display homosexual behaviour through ______
rubbing.

Answer 42

GG
Genital genital

Question 42

DIET MAINLY FRUIT (ESPECIALLY FIGS)
* Eat 100+ plant species
* spend 6-8 HOURS A DAY feeding
– feeding peaks 7–9 a.m. & 5 p.m.
* termites eaten at the beginning of
rainy season
* Nut-cracking at some sites (hammer
& anvil)
* also eat meat
– hunt Red Colobus & other
monkeys
– occasionally bushbuck, young
bushpig

Question 43

BONOBO- Restricted to south of
_________ River

Answer 43

Congo (only found in Congo)

Question 44

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
BONOBOS & CHIMPANZEES
BONOBOS:
* Squat when resting
* Calls are more shrill, almost birdlike
* Temperament is livelier & ‘nervous’, their
movements quicker
* Red lips
* MUCH LESS AGGRESSIVE

Question 45

ANATOMICALLY, BODY
PROPORTIONS MORE LIKE
HUMANS:
* smaller, rounder heads
(skulls)
* longer rear legs
* stand more upright (often)
* difference in weight
between males & females
more humanoid, females
average 85% of male
weight (in chimps they
average <75%)

Question 46

BONOBOS DAILY ACTIVITY BUDGET:
Feeding ≈ 40%;
Resting ≈ 32%;
Travel ≈ 16% &
Interacting with others (mainly grooming) ≈ 6%
DAILY RANGE mean 2 km

Question 46

BONOBOS FAMOUS FOR SEX (NOT WAR- aggression does exist but less than in chimps)

HOMOSEXUAL & IMMATURE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR

Answer 46

Genito-genital (GG) rubbing:
Juvenile males sexually precocious

Question 47

BONOBOS - COMMUNAL WARFARE? yes/no

Answer 47

no