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BIOL 1103 > Week 5: Nervous System > Flashcards

Week 5: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System into:

A

Central and Peripheral

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2
Q

Central NS into:

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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3
Q

Peripheral NS into:

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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4
Q

Autonomic NS into:

A

Sympathetic and Para

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5
Q

Afferent Nerves

A

(PNS)
Sensory
Messages from body to CNS

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6
Q

Efferent Nerves

A

(PNS)
Motor
Messages from CNS to body.

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7
Q

Somatic controls

A

Voluntary movement

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8
Q

Autonomic Controls

A

Functions of internal organs
Involuntary

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9
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Control center.

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10
Q

Sympathetic

A

Arousing

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11
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Calming

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12
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve Cell
Cell Body
Dendrites
Axon

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13
Q

Dendrites

A

Conduct impulses towards the cell body
Usually short, branched.

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14
Q

Axons

A

Conducts impulses away from cell body.
Single, long.

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15
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

Typical.
Most brain and spinal cord
Single axon, many dendrites.

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16
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

Retina, inner ear, olfactory.
2 extensions (one axon, one dendrite, cell body in middle)

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17
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A

Sensory neurons for touch or stretch.
Soma off to the side.

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18
Q

Neuroglia

A

More numerous than neurons
Support, segregate and insulate neurons, protection, promote health and growth.

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19
Q

Myelinated Neuron

A

Schwann cells in PNS and oligodendritic cells in CNS
Surround axon with layers of plasma membrane (lipid and protein)
Electrically insulates axon, increase speed of nerve impulse conduction.

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20
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of cell bodies of neurons outside the CNS

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21
Q

Nerve Structure

A

Bundle of neuron fibres outside the CNS
Collection of many axons.

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22
Q

Grey Matter

A

Nerve cell bodies inside CNS

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23
Q

White Matter

A

Neuron fibres within CNS

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24
Q

Tract

A

Bundle of neuron fibres inside the CNS
From brain to Spinal Cord
White from myelin sheaths.

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25
Brain Areas
Cerebrum Diencephalon Brain Stem
26
Cerebrum Areas
Cerebral Cortex
27
Diencephalon Areas
Thalamus Hypothalamus
28
Brain Stem Areas
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
29
Cerebrum
Located in the front, 2 hemispheres, separated by a fissure. Perception/interpretation of sensory. Emotional and intellectual processes. Control of motor movements.
30
Diecephalon
Central core of forebrain Encloses third ventricle.
31
Thalamic Function
Afferent impulses converge and synapse Similar impulses sorted and sent in groups All sense to Cerebral Cortex pass through. Mediates some sensation (pain, temp, light touch, pressure) Role in limbic system (pain/pleasure)
32
Hypothalamus Location/Function
Below thalamus Intermediary between NS and Endocrine
33
Infundibulum
Stalk of hypothalamus Connects to Pit gland
34
What does the Hypothalamus Control?
Autonomic NS, Heart rate, Water balance, thirst, food movement through GIT, thermoregulation, sleep.
35
Brain Stem Location/Function
Central trunk of brain midbrain, pons, medulla. Automatic behaviours for survival Pathway for tracts between higher and lower brain
36
Midbrain Loc/Fun
Between diencephalon and pons Reflex centre for head and eye movements in response to sight and sound
37
Pons Loc/Fun
Bulging brain stem region b/t midbrain and medulla bridge between cerebellum and brain stem sensory and motor fibres pass through Pneumotaxic regulates respiration
38
Medulla Loc/Fun
Inferior part of brain stem cardiac, respiratory, vasometer (blood pressure) centres. Also regulates swallowing, sneezing, vomiting.
39
Cerebellum Loc/Fun
Back of skull Precise timing, patterns of skeletal muscle contraction, posture, equillibrium from inner ear sensory input
40
Spinal Cord
31 segments with pair of spinal nerves Begins at occipital bone, ends at vetebral disc b/t first and second lumbar vertebrae
41
Cauda Equina
Nerves for lower lumbar and below, end of spinal cord (conus medullaris)
42
Spinal Cord Functions
2 way conduction to and from brain Convey sensory impulses from PNS to brain, conducts motor impulses from brain to PNS Reflex Centers
43
Components of Reflex Arc
Sensory receptor, Sensory Neuron, Integrating Center (CNS), Motor Neuron, Effector.
44
Reflex Arc Acts:
fast, automatic unplanned sequence of actions.
45
Skeletal Muscle Effector (RA)
Somatic Reflec
46
Smooth, Cardiac, or Gland Muscle Effector (RA)
Autonomic (Visceral) Reflex.
47
Neurotransmitters between Sympathetic and Para
Different
48
Action Potential
When a neuron sends information down an axon - away from cell body.
49
Resting Membrane Potential
Inside of cell membrane is negative relative to outside the cell
50
How do cells maintain their resting potential
Sodium/Potassium pump Leaky potassium channels Negatively charged protein that cannot leak outside
51
Leaky Potassium Pumps
More K+ cells inside than out, leaky channels allow K+ to leave cell by facilitated diffusion along concentration gradient.
52
Ligand-Gated Channels
Open with binding of specific Neurotransmitter
53
Mechanically-Gated Channels
Open/close in response to mechanical stimulation (vibration, touch, pressure)
54
Voltage-Gated Channels
Open/close in response to membrane potential
55
Propagation
An action potential occurs at one point along a membrane and causes another action potential to occur
56
Depolarization
Mechanically gated or ligand gated Na+ gates open in response to stimulus. Enough Na+ enters to cause interior of membrane to reach voltage threshold - then Na+ voltage regulated gates open.
57
Repolarization
When action potential reaches 30mV Na+ channel gates close, K+ channels open. K+ begin to leave, membrane becomes negative again. Eventually Na+ inactivation gates open, return to resting when K+ gates close.
58
Refractory Period
Sodium gates need to reset - cannot generate another action potential, can only go one way.
59
Saltatory Conduction
When the electrical signal jumps from each myelin sheath, across the nodes of Ranvier. Voltage-gated channels that trigger action potentials.
60
Synaptic Transmission
Nerve impluse at axon bulb Voltage gated Ca2+ open, Ca2+ rushes in Pushes vesicles with NT to presynaptic membrane, exocytosis, releseas into synaptic cleft NT diffuse across cleft NT fit into ligand-gated Na+ gates - opens them Na+ rushes into cell - action potential
61
Acetylcholine
NT Neuromuscular junctions Excitatory or inhibitory
62
Norepinephrine
NT Maintains alertness and arousal
63
Dopamine
NT Motor control Deficit in Parkinson's
64
Serotonin
NT Temp regulation Sensory Perception Sleep onset
65
Peptides (NT)
Endorphine Enkephalins Natural opiates - reduce pain perception Bind to same receptors as opiates and morphine

BIOL 1103 (12 decks)

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