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BIOL 1103 > Week 5: Nervous System > Flashcards

Week 5: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System into:

A

Central and Peripheral

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2
Q

Central NS into:

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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3
Q

Peripheral NS into:

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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4
Q

Autonomic NS into:

A

Sympathetic and Para

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5
Q

Afferent Nerves

A

(PNS)
Sensory
Messages from body to CNS

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6
Q

Efferent Nerves

A

(PNS)
Motor
Messages from CNS to body.

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7
Q

Somatic controls

A

Voluntary movement

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8
Q

Autonomic Controls

A

Functions of internal organs
Involuntary

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9
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Control center.

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10
Q

Sympathetic

A

Arousing

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11
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Calming

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12
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve Cell
Cell Body
Dendrites
Axon

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13
Q

Dendrites

A

Conduct impulses towards the cell body
Usually short, branched.

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14
Q

Axons

A

Conducts impulses away from cell body.
Single, long.

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15
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

Typical.
Most brain and spinal cord
Single axon, many dendrites.

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16
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

Retina, inner ear, olfactory.
2 extensions (one axon, one dendrite, cell body in middle)

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17
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A

Sensory neurons for touch or stretch.
Soma off to the side.

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18
Q

Neuroglia

A

More numerous than neurons
Support, segregate and insulate neurons, protection, promote health and growth.

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19
Q

Myelinated Neuron

A

Schwann cells in PNS and oligodendritic cells in CNS
Surround axon with layers of plasma membrane (lipid and protein)
Electrically insulates axon, increase speed of nerve impulse conduction.

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20
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of cell bodies of neurons outside the CNS

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21
Q

Nerve Structure

A

Bundle of neuron fibres outside the CNS
Collection of many axons.

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22
Q

Grey Matter

A

Nerve cell bodies inside CNS

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23
Q

White Matter

A

Neuron fibres within CNS

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24
Q

Tract

A

Bundle of neuron fibres inside the CNS
From brain to Spinal Cord
White from myelin sheaths.

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25
Q

Brain Areas

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brain Stem

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26
Q

Cerebrum Areas

A

Cerebral Cortex

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27
Q

Diencephalon Areas

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

28
Q

Brain Stem Areas

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla

29
Q

Cerebrum

A

Located in the front, 2 hemispheres, separated by a fissure.
Perception/interpretation of sensory.
Emotional and intellectual processes.
Control of motor movements.

30
Q

Diecephalon

A

Central core of forebrain
Encloses third ventricle.

31
Q

Thalamic Function

A

Afferent impulses converge and synapse
Similar impulses sorted and sent in groups
All sense to Cerebral Cortex pass through.
Mediates some sensation (pain, temp, light touch, pressure)
Role in limbic system (pain/pleasure)

32
Q

Hypothalamus
Location/Function

A

Below thalamus
Intermediary between NS and Endocrine

33
Q

Infundibulum

A

Stalk of hypothalamus
Connects to Pit gland

34
Q

What does the Hypothalamus Control?

A

Autonomic NS, Heart rate, Water balance, thirst, food movement through GIT, thermoregulation, sleep.

35
Q

Brain Stem
Location/Function

A

Central trunk of brain
midbrain, pons, medulla.
Automatic behaviours for survival
Pathway for tracts between higher and lower brain

36
Q

Midbrain
Loc/Fun

A

Between diencephalon and pons
Reflex centre for head and eye movements in response to sight and sound

37
Q

Pons
Loc/Fun

A

Bulging brain stem region b/t midbrain and medulla
bridge between cerebellum and brain stem
sensory and motor fibres pass through
Pneumotaxic regulates respiration

38
Q

Medulla
Loc/Fun

A

Inferior part of brain stem
cardiac, respiratory, vasometer (blood pressure) centres.
Also regulates swallowing, sneezing, vomiting.

39
Q

Cerebellum
Loc/Fun

A

Back of skull
Precise timing, patterns of skeletal muscle contraction, posture, equillibrium from inner ear sensory input

40
Q

Spinal Cord

A

31 segments with pair of spinal nerves
Begins at occipital bone, ends at vetebral disc b/t first and second lumbar vertebrae

41
Q

Cauda Equina

A

Nerves for lower lumbar and below, end of spinal cord (conus medullaris)

42
Q

Spinal Cord Functions

A

2 way conduction to and from brain
Convey sensory impulses from PNS to brain, conducts motor impulses from brain to PNS
Reflex Centers

43
Q

Components of Reflex Arc

A

Sensory receptor, Sensory Neuron, Integrating Center (CNS), Motor Neuron, Effector.

44
Q

Reflex Arc Acts:

A

fast, automatic unplanned sequence of actions.

45
Q

Skeletal Muscle Effector (RA)

A

Somatic Reflec

46
Q

Smooth, Cardiac, or Gland Muscle Effector (RA)

A

Autonomic (Visceral) Reflex.

47
Q

Neurotransmitters between Sympathetic and Para

A

Different

48
Q

Action Potential

A

When a neuron sends information down an axon - away from cell body.

49
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

Inside of cell membrane is negative relative to outside the cell

50
Q

How do cells maintain their resting potential

A

Sodium/Potassium pump
Leaky potassium channels
Negatively charged protein that cannot leak outside

51
Q

Leaky Potassium Pumps

A

More K+ cells inside than out, leaky channels allow K+ to leave cell by facilitated diffusion along concentration gradient.

52
Q

Ligand-Gated Channels

A

Open with binding of specific Neurotransmitter

53
Q

Mechanically-Gated Channels

A

Open/close in response to mechanical stimulation (vibration, touch, pressure)

54
Q

Voltage-Gated Channels

A

Open/close in response to membrane potential

55
Q

Propagation

A

An action potential occurs at one point along a membrane and causes another action potential to occur

56
Q

Depolarization

A

Mechanically gated or ligand gated Na+ gates open in response to stimulus.
Enough Na+ enters to cause interior of membrane to reach voltage threshold - then Na+ voltage regulated gates open.

57
Q

Repolarization

A

When action potential reaches 30mV
Na+ channel gates close, K+ channels open. K+ begin to leave, membrane becomes negative again.
Eventually Na+ inactivation gates open, return to resting when K+ gates close.

58
Q

Refractory Period

A

Sodium gates need to reset - cannot generate another action potential, can only go one way.

59
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

When the electrical signal jumps from each myelin sheath, across the nodes of Ranvier.
Voltage-gated channels that trigger action potentials.

60
Q

Synaptic Transmission

A

Nerve impluse at axon bulb
Voltage gated Ca2+ open, Ca2+ rushes in
Pushes vesicles with NT to presynaptic membrane, exocytosis, releseas into synaptic cleft
NT diffuse across cleft
NT fit into ligand-gated Na+ gates - opens them
Na+ rushes into cell - action potential

61
Q

Acetylcholine

A

NT
Neuromuscular junctions
Excitatory or inhibitory

62
Q

Norepinephrine

A

NT
Maintains alertness and arousal

63
Q

Dopamine

A

NT
Motor control
Deficit in Parkinson’s

64
Q

Serotonin

A

NT
Temp regulation
Sensory Perception
Sleep onset

65
Q

Peptides (NT)

A

Endorphine Enkephalins
Natural opiates - reduce pain perception
Bind to same receptors as opiates and morphine

BIOL 1103 (12 decks)

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