Week 5- The Eyes

Question 1

Causes flashing lights and new vitreous floaters:

Answer 1

Retinal detachment

Question 2

Advanced open-angle glaucoma causes:

Answer 2

Peripheral vision loss

Question 3

One-sides vision loss caused by stroke, trauma, or brain tumor. Need to go to ER

Answer 3

Hemianopsia

Question 4

Degeneration of retina. Can be wet or dry.

Answer 4

Macular degeneration

Question 5

Farsightedness:

Answer 5

Hyperopia

Question 6

Aging vision, farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens d/t again:

Answer 6

Presbyopia

Question 7

Nearsightedness:

Answer 7

Myopia

Question 8

Central vision loss caused by:

Answer 8

Nuclear cataract, macular degeneration

Question 9

Diplopia:

Answer 9

Double vision

Question 10

Horizontal diplopia caused by:

Answer 10

Palsy of CN III or VI

Question 11

Vertical diplopia caused by:

Answer 11

palsy of CN III or IV

Question 12

Leading cause of visual impairment and blindness in the US?

Answer 12

Primary open angle glaucoma

Question 13

Gradual loss of vision in the peripheral fields that results from loss of retinal ganglion cells axons:

Answer 13

Primary open angle glaucoma

Question 14

Primary open angle glaucoma exam findings:

Answer 14

Pallor and increasing size of the optic cup ( can be more than half the diameter of the optic disc)

Question 15

This persists with one eye closed and suggests a problem with the cornea or lens:

Answer 15

Vertical diplopia

Question 16

Normal double vision:

Answer 16

Physiologic diplopia

Question 17

Near reaction tests CN?

Answer 17

III

Question 18

Estropia is:

Answer 18

Inward deviation of the eye.

Question 19

Exotropia is:

Answer 19

Outward deviation of the eye

Question 20

Exopthalamus is:

Answer 20

Anterior bulging of the eye found in Graves’ disease

Question 21

Black numbers on the ophthalmoscope indicate:

Answer 21

Positive diopter- focus on nearer objects.

Question 22

Red numbers on the ophthalmoscope show:

Answer 22

Negative diopter: focus on objects farther away such as retinal vessels

Question 23

Bi-convex and is used to focus on objects that are closer to the examiners eye such as anterior structures of the eye:

Answer 23

Plus or positive lens

Question 24

Bi-concave and is used to focus on objects that are farther away from the examiners eye such as vitreous and retina:

Answer 24

Negative or minus lens

Question 25

Neither convex nor concave and is used if neither the examiner’s nor the patients eyes have refractive errors (most clear view):

Answer 25

Zero lens (where you start)

Question 26

What hand to what eye to visualize the right eye when using an ophthalmoscope?

Answer 26

Right hand/right eye

Question 27

How far from eye with ophthalmoscope to visualize red reflex?

Answer 27

15 inches

Question 28

What can cause an absent red reflex?

Answer 28

Cataract-lens is opaque Detached retina Children: retinoblastoma

Question 29

Retinal arteries appear:

Answer 29

Light red, smaller, light reflex is bright

Question 30

Retinal veins look:

Answer 30

Dark red, larger, light reflex is inconspicuous or absent

Question 31

To inspect the fovea and the macula:

Answer 31

Have the patient look directly into the light

Question 32

To inspect the anterior structures like the lens:

Answer 32

May need to go up on the diopters to +10 or +20 to focus

Question 33

Posterior structures start at __ on the diopter.

Answer 33

0

Question 34

Drooping of the upper eye lid caused by damage to CN III

Answer 34

Ptosis

Question 35

Damage to sympathetic nerve supply:

Answer 35

Horner syndrome

Question 36

Subacute, nontender, painless nodule caused by a blocked gland inside the lid:

Answer 36

Chalzion

Question 37

Venous stasis leads to engorgement and swelling secondary to increased ICP ( meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, trains, mass lesion)

Answer 37

Papilledema

Question 38

Findings of papilledema:

Answer 38

``` Color pink, hyperemic Often with loss of venous pulsations Disc vessels more visible, more numerous, curve over borders of the disc Disc swollen with margins blurred Physiologic cup is not visible ```

Question 39

An enlarged blind spot present during visual fields by confrontation may indicate:

Answer 39

Affecting optic nerve-glaucoma, optic neuritis, papilledema

Question 40

To detect strabismus (general term for eso/exotropia):

Answer 40

Cover one eye, if opposite eye deviates inward/outward= strabismus of that eye

Question 41

If patient is nearsighted rotate diopter:

Answer 41

Counter clockwise (minus diopters)

Question 42

If patient is farsighted rotate diopter:

Answer 42

Clockwise (plus diopter)

Question 43

Visual receptive layer of the eye where light waves changed into nerve impulses?

Answer 43

Retina

Question 44

Retinal structures viewer through ophthalmoscope are:

Answer 44

Optic disc, retinal vessels, general background, and macula

Question 45

Area in which fibers from retina converge to form optic nerve?

Answer 45

Optic disc

Question 46

Where is optic disc located?

Answer 46

Located toward nasal side of retina

Question 47

Located on temporal side of fundus, slightly darker pigmented region surrounding doves centralis (area of sharpest and keenest vision), receives and transduces light from center of visual field?

Answer 47

Macula

Question 48

Area of keenest vision that is absent at birth but mature by 8 months?

Answer 48

Macula

Question 49

Lens is ___ at birth, growing ____ throughout life.

Answer 49

Nearly spherical, flatter

Question 50

Pupil size ___ in the aging adult.

Answer 50

Decreases

Question 51

Lens opacity resulting from a clumping of proteins in the lens:

Answer 51

Cataract formation

Question 52

Increased IOP

Answer 52

Glaucoma

Question 53

Breakdown of cells in macula of retina:

Answer 53

Macular degeneration

Question 54

When do halos appear around lights?

Answer 54

Acute narrow-angle glaucoma

Question 55

A blind spot in the visual field surrounded by an area of normal or decreased vision, occurs with glaucoma, with optic nerve and visual pathway disorders:

Answer 55

Scotoma

Question 56

When does night blindness occur?

Answer 56

Optic atrophy, glaucoma, or vitamin A deficiency

Question 57

What medication can cause cataracts or increased intraoccular pressure?

Answer 57

Prednisone

Question 58

What infections have ocular sequelae in the newborn?

Answer 58

Genital herpes and gonorrhea

Question 59

An undilated eye exam is limited to:

Answer 59

Posterior structures of the retina

Question 60

Dilated eye exam you can assess:

Answer 60

More peripheral structures, macula, and unexplained vision loss.

Question 61

Use red lenses on the ophthalmoscope for:

Answer 61

Nearsightedness

Question 62

Use black lenses on the ophthalmoscope for:

Answer 62

Farsightedness

Question 63

A small whitish depression in the optic disc, from which retinal vessels appear to emerge

Answer 63

Central physiologic cup

Question 64

Seen often around the optic disc that is not part of the disc itself and should not be included in estimates of disc diameter:

Answer 64

Rings and crescents

Question 65

Much less common but a dramatic finding of irregular white patches with feathered margins obscuring the disc edge, no pathologic significance

Answer 65

Medullated nerve fibers

Question 66

Is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the industrialized world:

Answer 66

Age-related macular degeneration

Question 67

A light beam shining onto one retina causes pupillary construction in both that eye:

Answer 67

Direct reaction to light

Question 68

A light beam shining into one retina causes pupillary constriction in the contralateral eye:

Answer 68

Consensual reaction

Question 69

Direct and consensual light reactions indicate which CN are intact?

Answer 69

II and III

Question 70

When a person shifts gaze from a far object to a near object, the pupils constrict:

Answer 70

The near reaction

Question 71

The near reaction indicates CN what is intact?

Answer 71

III

Question 72

Near reaction also tests:

Answer 72

Convergence (medial vectus muscle) | Accommodation (change in the shape of the lens caused by contraction of the ciliary muscles)

Question 73

CN IV (trochlear) damage due to head trauma, congenital causes, or central lesions, causes dysfunction of the superior oblique muscle leading to:

Answer 73

Diplopia

Question 74

Visual fields by confrontation is a valuable screening technique for:

Answer 74

Detection of lesions in the anterior and posterior visual pathway

Question 75

The best results for visual fields by confrontation is these 2 tests:

Answer 75

Static wiggle test | Kinetic red target test

Question 76

Causes of anterior pathway defects detected by confrontation include:

Answer 76

Glaucoma, optic neuropathy, optic neuritis, and glioma.

Question 77

Posterior pathway defects detected by confrontation include:

Answer 77

Stroke and chiasmal tumors