Week 6 Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
signs and symptoms of ureteral (kidney) stones
A
intense renal colic pain abrupt in onset and may radiate
hematuria
sweating
2
Q
kidney stone causes
A
solute supersaturation
low urine volume
abnormal urine pH
3
Q
What are kidney stones made of?
A
calcium crystal aggregates of organic and inorganic material, uric acid, struvite, cystine, etc
4
Q
What is the cause of Polycystic Kidney disease?
A
Genetic
5
Q
S/S of Polycystic Kidney disease
A
evident at birth
big kidney
respiratory distress
hypertension
6
Q
What chromosome is Polycystic Kidney disease affected by?
A
Chromosome 6p, 16 and 4
7
Q
What causes Polycystic Kidney disease and what does it lead to?
A
lowered Ca+ levels and too much cAMP
creates cysts in the liver
8
Q
Polycystic Kidney disease clinical manifestation (3)
A
hypertension
can’t concentrate urine
pain
9
Q
What is the etiologic cause of acute Glomerulonephritis?
A
immune response which attract immune cells to lyse everything in their path
10
Q
Whtat’s the pathophysiology of acute Glomerulonephritis?
A
immune cells call over immune cells. A battle begins and lysosomal degradation happens in the basement membrand and mesangial cells contract because less surface area for filtration
11
Q
Clinical manifestations of acute Glomerulonephritis?
A
azotemia
hypertension
oliguria
proteinuria
edema
12
Q
what happens in post infectious acute Glomerulonephritis?
A
follows impetigo and throat infections,
developing countries usually
common in kids
coffee colored urine
13
Q
(berger disease) aka?
A
IgA nephropathy
14
Q
Crescentic Glomerulonephritis
A
RPGN (rapidly progressive Glomerulonephritis)
15
Q
Causes of Crescentic Glomerulonephritis?
A
drugs exposure
16
Q
hallmark of Crescentic Glomerulonephritis?
A
crescent shaped lesions
17
Q
what happens to the blood in acute onset of crescentic Glomerulonephritis?
A
hematuria
proteinuria
red cell cases
decline in renal function w/in 6 mos
18
Q
Progress of chronic Glomerulonephritis?
A
sclerosis and kidney fibrosis progresses into end-stage renal disease
19
Q
What does uric acid crystals of kidney stones mean?
A
gouty arthritis
20
Q
From what area is the most common type of pyelonephritis?
A
ascending infection from lower UT
21
Q
What is the most effective way to prevent pyelonephritis?
A
take catheters out early
22
Q
What is acute pyelonephritis caused by?
A
uti cases infection of renal pelvis
23
Q
What is a risk factor for pyelonephritis ?
A
pregnancy
24
Q
S/S for acute pyelonephritis?
A
CVA tenderness
fever/chills
anorexia
fever-induced dehydration
urosepsis- organism in the b/s from UTI
25
what infection does the presence of WBC casts mean?
upper UTI
26
Difference between acute and chronic pyelonephritis?
acute: UTI infection
chronic: reflux or obstructive leads to scarring
27
what can chronic pyelonephritis turn into?
CKD
28
what happens with inflammation from chronic pyelonephritis ?
scarring and loss of functional nephrons
29
S/S of pyelonephritis?
abdominal/flank pain,
fever, malaise,
anorexia
30
What are the most common obstructions for the UG tract?
stones
tumors
prostatic hypertrophy
strictures
31
What are some characteristics of AKI?
sudden kidney function loss
disruptions influid/electolytes, pH
retention of nitrogenous waste
increase serum creatinine
decreased GFR
32
Three sites of Disruption of AKI?
renal perfusion (prerenal)
urine flow after kidney (postrenal)
problem with kidney vessels, tubules, glomeruli, or interstitium (intrinsic)
33
What are some causes of prerenal AKI?
Burns, drugs and diretics (ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II blockers, NSAIDS
34
What are some S/S of prerenal kidney injury?
hypovolemia, hypotension, HF,
Renal artery obstruction
fever, vomiting, diarea
35
prolonged prerenal ARF can lead to what?
acute tubular necrosis
36
Diagnosis of prerenal kidney injury
low GFR, oliguria, high urine gravity
osmolality
low urine sodium
37
What causes post renal kidney injury
obstruction with urinary cases Bowman capsule pressure, impeding glomerular filtration
38
What can prolonged postrrenal ARF lead to?
acture tubular necrosis and irreversible kidney damage
39
What is the most common result with intrinsic KI?
acture tubular necrosis
40
What does acute tubular necrosis cause?
Nephrotoxic insult (contrast media)
iscemic insults (sepsis)
41
What are two pathologies for acute tubular necrosis?
vascular and tubular
42
What happens in vascular intrinsic kidney Injury?
decrease in renal blood flow
hypoxia
vasoconstriction
43
What happens in tubular intrinsic kidney Injury? Pathophysiology
inflammation and reperfusion injury causing cases, obstructing urine flow, tubular backleak
44
What are the three phases of Acute Tubular
Necrosis?
prodromal
oliguric
post-oliguric
45
What are some s/s of prodromal phase of Acute Tubular Necrosis?
normal or declining pee output
46
What are some lab signs of Acute Tubular Necrosis?
serum BUN and creatine increase
47
What characterizes the oliguric phase of Acute Tubular Necrosis?
usual urine
oliguria (less)and uremia (protein)
decreased GFR
hyperkalemia
48
Does the oliguric phase of Acute Tubular Necrosis need dialysis?
sometimes
49
What are s/s of post-oliguric phase of Acute Tubular Necrosis?
increase in pee vol. (diuresis)
tubular function impared
azotemia
50
What is the post-oliguric phase of Acute Tubular Necrosis?
in recovery 2-10 dyas and full recover takes 1 year until BUN and creatine levels normalizes
51
What is the progression of Chronic Kidney Disease?
CKD
CRF
ESRD
52
What is Chronic Kidney Disease linked to? (comorbidities)
hypertension
diabetes mellitus
53
What defines Chronic Kidney Disease?
decreased kidney function or damage of three month's duration OR
GFR is less thatn 60ml/minute/1.73 mL
54
def of Chronic Kidney Disease
loss of functional nephrons
55
Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease
progressive and irreversible
56
what happens with the GFR of Chronic Kidney Disease?
GFR reduction of 75%-80%
57
what are the five stages of Chronic Kidney Disease?
1&2 minimizing risk factors
3- symptoms appear; maybe need treatment
4: plan/start dialysis/treatment
5: transplant needed and dialysis
58
complication of Chronic Kidney Disease
Hypertension and CVD (hypervolemia, raised RAAS and SNS)
Uremic syndrome (impaired healing, pruitus, uremic frost, dermatitis
Metabolic acidosis (hypercalemia, and inability to secrete H+ ions)
Malnutrition
Electrolyte imbalance (retained K, phosphorus, Mg)
Anemia
Pain and depression
Bone and mineral disorders (PTH elevated)
59
how to prevent acute kidney injury
maintain fluid volume and CO
avoid and monitor nephrotoxic chemicals
treat infections
remove catheters ASAP
NO dopamine
no contrast media complications
60
hemodialysis access frequency
arteriovenou fisutula
3x/week, four hours long
61
Continuous renal replacement therapy
hemofiltration uninterupted, ususally IC patients
62
peritoneal access/frequency
SAPD and CCPD everyday
63
What leads to acute tubular necrosis
ischemia
64
Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease
lack of erythropoetin
uremia shortens RBC's
HF
65
Osteodystrophy in Chronic Kidney Disease
elevated phophorus and PTH causes more bone breaking, but kidnesy can reabsorb all Ca+ and deficient in Vit D
66
What is the most frequent and initial symptom of bladder cancer?
hematuria
67
What is a cause of recurrent cystitis
vesicoureteral reflux
68
What is Vesicoureteral reflux?
reflux of pee from bladder to ureter and renal pelvis
69
Vesicoureteral reflux s/s
recurrent UTU
voiding dysf
renal insufficiency
pediatric hypertension
70
Physiology of Micturition coordination
internal sphincter and contraction of bladder controlled by pontine micturition center
cerebral cortex inhibits process of conscious control of external sphincter
71
What nerve innervate the bladder?
L1&L2
72
What are the nerves for bladder contraction and relaxation?
S2-S4
73
Ureterocele is defined as
cystic dilation at the distal end of ureter
74
Ureterocele results in
uretural and renal calyx dilation
reflux and infection
hydronephrosis
75
What is hydronephrosis swelling and caused by?
kidney swelling from urine
76
Treatment for Ureterocele
surgery
77
What is the cause of Ureterocele?
congenital
78
how common is bladder cncer?
fourth in males and ninth in females
79
What increases the risk of bladder cancer?
age, smoking, carcinogen exposure
80
Where does bladder cancer originate?
transitional epitnelium (urothelium- urinary tract lining)
81
s/s of bladder cancer
hematuria, frequency and urgency and painless hematuria
82
Urethritis causes
STD or frequent catheterization
poor hygiene
83
urethritis s/s
dysuria, burning and incontinence
84
causes of Cystitis
infection, chemical irritants, stones, trauma
85
what is the bacteria responsible for most UTI's
E. coli
86
Cystitis s/s
f/u
dysuria
cloudy pee
kids- fever, irritability, poor feeing, vomiting, diarrhea, ill looking
older adults- lethargy, anorexia, confusion and anxiety
87
Cryptorchidism is a risk for what kind of cancer
Testicular cancer 
88
testicular torsion looks like what?
twizzlers
89
Testicular Torsion occurs in what type of people?
prepubertal males
90
Testicular Torsion s/s
severe sudden pain in one testis
scrotum swelling
nausea and vomiting
91
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) etiology
unknown, but probably aging male hormone system
92
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) pathology
if prostate tissue increases, in compresses urethra and bladder outlet
93
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) s/s
hold pee
obstruction for flow and stream
hesitancy (initiation
interruption
infection from retention
94
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) tratment
alpha blockers or 5-alpha reductase inhibitors
95
What bacteria is associated with Prostatitis?
E. coli
96
What is the most prevalent form of cancer in men?
Prostate Cancer
97
how many stages of Prostate Cancer
four
98
Amenorrhea
Absence or suppression of menstruation
99
Amenorrhea causes
hormonal shifts
stress
neoplasms
100
Metrorrhagia
Bleeding between menstrual periods from endometrium during ovulation
101
Metrorrhagia causes
uterine malignancy
cervical erosions
endometrial polyps
102
Hypomenorrhea
Deficient amount of menstrual flow; reduced flow
103
Hypomenorrhea is caused by 
Endocrine or systemic problems. Also menstrual flow block. 
104
Oligomenorrhea
Infrequent menstruation
105
Oligomenorrhea causes
Endocrine/systemic disorder causing failure to ovulate
106
Polymenorrhea
Increased frequency of menstruation
107
Polymenorrhea causes
Endocrine/systemic disorder causing ovulation
108
Menorrhagia
Increase in amount or duration of bleeding; prolonged and heavy bleeding
109
Menorrhagia causes
Lesions of reproductive organs
110
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
causes
Most common around time of menarche and menopause
111
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
what is it?
Abnormal endometrial bleeding not associated with tumor, inflammation, pregnancy, trauma, or hormonal effects
112
Dysmenorrhea primary
Painful menstruation
113
Dysmenorrhea secondary associated with
Associated with pelvic disorders such as endometriosis or pelvic adhesions
114
Uterine Prolapse
sinking of the uterus from its normal position into the vagina;
relaxation of pelvic structures and the cervix
115
Uterine Prolapse
causes
Congenital defects
Pregnancy
Childbirth
116
Uterine Prolapse
how many degrees
3
117
s/s of Uterine Prolapse
Depend on severity of prolapse
Sensation of fullness, vaginal discomfort
Discomfort in walking/sitting
Difficulty urinating
Bleeding/ulceration
Ulceration of cervix from friction
118
Uterine Prolapse treatment
Hysterectomy
Pessary (device to support bladder, vagina, uterus, rectum, etc)
119
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Types
Salpingitis
Cervicitis
Oophoritis
Parametritis
Endometritis
120
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
bacterial causes
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chlamydia trachomatis
121
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Abdominal tenderness/pain
Cervical/adnexa pain or tenderness on palpation
Fever; elevated WBC count
Purulent vaginal discharge
122
Vulvovaginitis bacterias
Candida albicans
123
Bartholinitis
cysts and inflammation at the vaginal opening
124
Uterine Leiomyomas aka
myomas of fibrids
125
Uterine Leiomyomas causes
high estrogen and growth hormone levels
126
Uterine Leiomyomas definition
fibroids off of uterus
127
Uterine Leiomyomas s/s
bleading
discharge
pain and pressure
constipation
f/u
128
Endometriosis affects who
nulliparous women younger than 30-40
129
Endometriosis definition
enodmetrial tissue outside of uterine cavity lining in ovary, peritoneum, oviduct, outer layers of uterus
intestine
130
Endometriosis transplantation theories
transportation
metaplasia
induction
131
Endometriosis causes
ectopic tissues get implanted incorrecty and rupture and bleed
rupture and irritate peritoneum
132
Stress incontinence is caused by
weakening of or damage to muscles
133
Urge incontinence is caused by
overactivity or contraction of detrusor muscles
