Week 7

Question 1

What is the presentation of gastroesophageal varices? (3)

Answer 1

History of alcoholism
hematemesis
profound anemia

Question 2

Esophageal varices are associated with condition?

Answer 2

portal hypertension

Question 3

What is the prognos

Question 4

Dumping syndrome is seen after what surgery?

Answer 4

Gastric bypass

Question 5

What happens in dumping syndrome?

Answer 5

Hyperosmolar contents of the stomach are dumped into the small intestine
osmotic shift of water goes into the lumen and diarrhea

Question 6

What condition causes dumping syndrome?

Answer 6

loss of pyloric sphincter regulation

Question 7

After what is dumping syndrome common?

Answer 7

gastrectomy and gastric surgery for ulcers or cancer

Question 8

Stomatitis may be caused by what treatment?

Answer 8

chemo

Question 9

What are some causes of stomatitis?

Answer 9

Pathogenic organisms, trauma
chemical irritants chemotherapy, radiation nutritional deficiencies
autoimmune disorders idiopathic

Question 10

What are acute herptic stomatitis called?

Answer 10

cold sores from HSV

Question 11

Acute herpetic stomatitis s/s (4)

Answer 11

Fever
Pharyngitis
Prodromal tingling/ itching
Vesicles on erythematous base that rupture, leaving a painful ulcer

Question 12

What is the prognosis of esophageal varices?

Answer 12

high mortality

Question 13

Necrotizing enterocolitis occurs in what population?

Answer 13

preemies

Question 14

Signs of necrotizing enterocolitis

Answer 14

diffuse/patchy intestinal necrosis and sepsis
distended abdomen
intestinal perforation

Question 15

causes of ecrotizing enterocolitis

Answer 15

bowel ischemia
perinatal oxygen deficit

Question 16

Ulcerative Colitis increases the risk for what?

Answer 16

cancer

Question 17

Ulcerative Colitis’s hallmark clinical manifestations are

Answer 17

bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain

Question 18

A change in bowel habits is a warning sign for wat?

Answer 18

colon cancer

Question 19

Colon Cancer stats

Answer 19

second only to lung cancer

Question 20

Colon Cancer risk factors are: (5)

Answer 20

increase after age 40
high fat, low fiber
polyps
chronic irritation
hereditary

Question 21

What is Familial adenomatous polyposis?

Answer 21

At least three close relatives with colorectal cancer, colorectal cancer involving at least two generations, and one or more cases of colorectal cancer occurring before age 50 years

Question 22

Clincal manifestations of Colon Cancer

Answer 22

black tarry stool

Question 23

Celiac Disease aka

Answer 23

celiac sprue

Question 24

Celiac Disease is the atrophy of what?

Answer 24

intestinal villi

Question 25

What does Celiac Disease lead to?

Answer 25

impaired nutrient absorption due to reduced surface area

Question 26

Celiac Disease is confirmed by what Ig?

Answer 26

IgA

Question 27

Celiac Disease needs supplements of what?

Answer 27

iron, folate, B12, fat-soluble vitamins (DAKE)

Question 28

Barrett esophagus is what?

Answer 28

columnar tissue replaces normal squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus

Question 29

Barrett esophagus is what?

Answer 29

a typle of preneoplastic condition

Question 30

Barrett esophagus is a risk for what cancer?

Answer 30

esophageal cancer

Question 31

Hiatal hernia will present with what condition?

Answer 31

heartburn

Question 32

Where do Hiatal hernias develop?

Answer 32

in the diaphragm to the stomach

Question 33

what are risk factors of Hiatal hernia? (2)

Answer 33

increased age women

Question 34

Hiatal Hernia clinical manifestations (4)

Answer 34

GERD heartburn chest pain dysphagia

Question 35

In what gender are gallstones most common?

Answer 35

women

Question 36

Untreated acute cholecystitis may lead to what condition?

Answer 36

gangrene

Question 37

What are Gallstones made of?

Answer 37

cholestorol

Question 38

What are the three phases of gallstones?

Answer 38

supersaturation of bile nucleation of crystals hypomotility- stasis of bile

Question 39

Cholesterol Gallstone risk factors (7)

Answer 39

fast weight loss prolonged fasting contraceptives weight age sex other

Question 40

Chronic cholecystitis can lead to what conditions (3)

Answer 40

biliary sepsis calcified gallbladder porcelain gallbladder

Question 41

what happens to amylase and lipase with pancreatis?

Answer 41

elevated

Question 42

What two chemicals are associated with pancratitis

Answer 42

Elevated serum lipase and amylase levels

Question 43

Chronic pancreatitis may lead to what

Answer 43

diabetes mellitus

Question 44

Chronic Pancreatitis pathogenesis (4)

Answer 44

Chronic inflammatory lesions in pancreas Necrosis of exocrine parenchyma leads to fibrosis Leads to calcification—obstructed flow of pancreatic juices Persistent symptoms secondary to pancreatic dysfunction over weeks and months

Question 45

What is Hep B transmitted by?

Answer 45

exposure to blood/semen and needles

Question 46

Hep B aka

Answer 46

serum hepatitis

Question 47

Hepatitis presents with an increase in what?

Answer 47

urine bilirubin

Question 48

Which hepatitis is spread trough fecal oral route?

Answer 48

Hep A

Question 49

What is enteric hepatitis called?

Answer 49

Hep A

Question 50

What occurs in the prodromal period of Hep A?

Answer 50

jaundice, RUQ, malaise, anorexia, fever

Question 51

What does the Flavivirus cause?

Answer 51

Hep C

Question 52

How is Hep C spread?

Answer 52

IV drug or blood transfusion

Question 53

What is Hep D virus?

Answer 53

Defective RNA virus

Question 54

How is Hep E spread?

Answer 54

RNA via fecal- oral contaminatoredwater parenteral

Question 55

How is Hep D spread?

Answer 55

parenterally and intimate contact

Question 56

Acute hepatitis B will present with what on it's surface?

Answer 56

positive hep B surface antigen, HBsAg

Question 57

Steatohepatitis is an accumulation of what?

Answer 57

fat in the liver cells

Question 58

What is the pathogenesis of alcoholic fatty liver? (2)

Answer 58

fat accumulation in liver cells more fat delivered to hepatocyte

Question 59

What is Hypertriglyceridemia?

Answer 59

an increased amount of liver enzymes

Question 60

What is Hypertriglyceridemia a sign of?

Answer 60

Alcholic fatty liver

Question 61

What do Mallory bodies show?

Answer 61

alcoholic hepatitis

Question 62

goiter is an enlargement of what?

Answer 62

thyroid gland

Question 63

What is acromegaly?

Answer 63

excess growth hormone

Question 64

inadequate ADH secretion causes what kind of disorder?

Answer 64

diabetes insipidus

Question 65

synthesis of thyroid hormone is inhibited by

Answer 65

iodine deficiency

Question 66

What are therapies for Type I DM? (3)

Answer 66

Carb counting excercise insulin

Question 67

Microvascular complications of DM include:

Answer 67

retinopathy and nephropathy

Question 68

decrease in myoinositol transport causes what?

Answer 68

diabetic neuropathy

Question 69

Type 2 DM is due to what two things

Answer 69

insulin resistance and b-cell dysfunction

Question 70

What is a major predictor of Type 2 DM?

Answer 70

Obesity

Question 71

Type 1 DM clinical findings

Answer 71

Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia

Question 72

Type 1 DM is due to destruction of what?

Answer 72

pancreatic b-cell

Question 73

Hypoglycemia will present with what?

Answer 73

tremors

Question 74

What kind of diabetes will present with nonketotic hyperosmolality?

Answer 74

Type 2

Question 75

What is the most important level to evaluate DM long term?

Answer 75

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels