week 6

Question 1

Transmission deficit theory explained. Nodes

Answer 1

the brain has many nodes representing particular phonological representations, word forms or semantic representations

Question 2

What happens to these connections as we age?

Answer 2

as we age our vocab grows but our mental capacity to swift through these nodes weakens. Which results in weaker and slower language production

Question 3

hearing loss: auditory sensitivity changes over time. how?

Answer 3

as we get older we become less sensitive to certain higher tones

Question 4

How is auditory sensitivity testing

Answer 4

Tone of different frequencies are presented to participants, and they have to say whether they perceived the tone or not

Question 5

Hearing loss: temporal processing with sound

Answer 5

timing concerning recognizing sounds

Question 6

Ways of testing temporal processing: gap detection task

Answer 6

Present two sounds and it is easier to detect when the gap is longer than shorter.

Question 7

What are the results of younger and older people detecting the gap?

Answer 7

Older adults have more difficulty than younger people in detecting the gap when it is short.

Question 8

Ways of testing temporal processing: dichotic listening task

Answer 8

Different information presentenced to left and right ear

Question 9

Do older adults result in the dichotic listening task?

Answer 9

Older adults with hearing impairment perform more poorly on low-frequency discrimination task.

Question 10

temporal processing tests: auditory brain steam responses with eeg

Answer 10

Measures electrical processing along the auditory pathway following a stimulus presentation

Question 11

Describe the comparison between music notes and brain waves

Answer 11

Younger adults have more music-like brain waves

Question 12

What is sound source localization?

Answer 12

Where the sound coming from

Question 13

How do older adults compare to younger adults with sound source localization?

Answer 13

Older adults are less accurate at sound localization than younger adults

Question 14

What is the intraural time difference?

Answer 14

Different in time it takes to get to one ear and then the other

Question 15

What is the interaural level difference?

Answer 15

different in intensity of sound in one ear and then the other

Question 16

Intelligibility of speech in noise: testing method

Answer 16

signal to noise ratio: SNR

Question 17

what is SNR and how do older people do in it

Answer 17

present speech in different noisy environments

Older adults have more difficulty understanding speech in noise( especially babble sound.

Question 18

Cognitive demand during speech understanding: what happens when the speech is degraded

Answer 18

When signal is degraded then there is additional demand on cognitive resources

Question 19

How did older adults do when they were testing on word memorization in normal and challenging listening environments

Answer 19

Poor memory for words in challenging listening environments

Question 20

What do pupils do in challenging environments?

Answer 20

Increase pupil diameter during listening in challenging environments.

Question 21

Feul is an acronym for what

Answer 21

Framework for understanding effortful listening

Question 22

Fuel: idea is that the amount of effort I put into tasks is involved with

Answer 22

motivation

Question 23

Fuel: sensory challenges and demand of these tasks can

Answer 23

low motivation

Question 24

People with hearing loss are at a greater risk for

Answer 24

cognitive decline and dementia

Question 25

A possible explanation for hearing loss: hearing loss increases the demand on cognitive resources and, overtime changes, the metabolic demands associated with

Answer 25

increased pathologic risk

Question 26

Hearing loss is associated with reduced blank matter volume in the blank cortex.

Answer 26

Hearing loss is associated with reduced grey matter volume in the auditory cortex, leading to a cascading effect with other networks.

Question 27

Hearing loss leads to less social engagement which has

Answer 27

carryover effect with cognition

Question 28

4 tests for vision:

Answer 28

Visual acuity Spatial contrast sensitivity -scotopic function and dark adaption Visual processing speeds

Question 29

Reading: no age difference in blank speed between younger and older adults with blank eyes

Answer 29

No age difference in reading speed between younger and older adults with healthy eyes but people with older adults with eye disease are much slower

Question 30

Reading text is blank degraded also places a demand on cognitive resources, similar performance blanks as degraded speech.

Answer 30

Reading visually degraded text also places demand on cognitive resources, and similar performance declines as degraded speech.

Question 31

vision loss link to increased risk of

Answer 31

driving incident

Question 32

what test is great at predicting crash risk

Answer 32

uFOV

Question 33

Age-related decline in sense of smell is very common and linked to

Answer 33

early detection of Alzheimer's

Question 34

changes in the vestibular system (ears) leads to great incidence of

Answer 34

falls

Question 35

goals and cognition: social cognitive goals

Answer 35

as individuals age they assume different age-graded roles with specific societal expectations

Question 36

What do young adults focus on acquiring

Answer 36

skills and knowledge

Question 37

What do middle adulthood people focus on applying

Answer 37

learned skills and knowledge

Question 38

Older adults focus on blank and blank of past and present knowledge

Answer 38

Focus on interpretation and integration of past and present knowledge; cross-generation transmission of info

Question 39

How was it found that older adults like to transfer info

Answer 39

they did a recall task: Results: Older adults story telling enhanced when telling a child, and age differences attuited

Question 40

the socioemotional selective theory proposes that these changes in future time perspectives lead to

Answer 40

systematic changes in the salience of social goal

Question 41

what do older adults focus on

Answer 41

The focus is on the present for older adults, especially on regulating emotions and maintains positivity effect

Question 42

older adults exhibit greater positivity effect: how so

Answer 42

increased processing preferences for positive over negative information

Question 43

research on positivity is mixed:

Answer 43

The inverted u in demand for top-down control and compensation success The fuel model

Question 44

Selective engagement theory:

Answer 44

Older adults show a reduced intrinsic motivation to engage in cognitively demanding activities-> overall less engagement in activities.