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week 6 part 1 Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

How does an egg become a body?

A
  1. As a fertilized human egg divides, it first becomes a solid ball of cells, the morula
  2. Next, about five days after fertilization, it becomes a hollow ball, the blastocyst.
  3. The cells of the outer layer of the blastocyst eventually form part of the placenta

4Inside the ball is a small clump of cells, the inner cell mass, that will form all the tissues in the body

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2
Q

What are two main aspects of development?

A
  1. Proliferation of cells

2. Differentiation

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3
Q

What is differentiation?

A

become specialised to carry out specific functions in an adult body

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4
Q

What happens from the mass of totipotent cells?

A

generate the circulatory system, the nervous system, the muscles and the immune system

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5
Q

What does development depend on?

A

spatiotemporal expression of specific genes

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6
Q

What is expression regulated by?

A

hardwired molecular programmes together with epigenetic mechanisms

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7
Q

What contributes to neuronal differentiation?

A

Both external and internal factors

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8
Q

What do internal factors include?

A
  1. Cell surface and secreted molecules that control cellular fates
  2. Transcription factors that control gene expression
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9
Q

What do external factors include?

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Sensory stimuli
  3. Social experience
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10
Q

What does neuronal tissue start with?

A

100 cells

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11
Q

What generates the brain?

A

The neural epithelial stem cells

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12
Q

Why does the neural epithelial tissue proliferate?

A

The neural epithelial stem cells undergo rapid division to increase in number

capable of generating a brain of the central nervous system

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13
Q

Starting from stem cells, what does the neural epithelial stem cells become

A

Restricted in their potential to generate different cell type

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14
Q

During mammalian CNS development, what does neural precursor cells arising from neural tube produce?

A

Pools of multipoptent and more restricted neural progenitor cells

which proliferate, migrate and further differentiate into neurons and glia cells

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15
Q

During embryogenesis, where is neural precursor derived from?

A

neuroectoderm

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16
Q

How is neural precursor detected?

A

During neural plate and neural tube formation

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17
Q

When happens when the embryo develops?

A

the neural stem cells can be identified in nearly all regions of the embryonic mouse, rat, and human CNS

including the septum, cortex, thalamus, ventral mesencephalon and spinal cord

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18
Q

What does neural stem cells have

A

spatial identity and differentiation potential

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19
Q

How is neural plate formed?

A

1.third week of development, the notochord appears in the mesoderm

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20
Q

What does notochord secrete?

A

growth factors which stimulate the differentiation of the overlying ectoderm into neuroectoderm

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21
Q

How is neural folds formed?

A

The lateral edge of neural plate rise

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22
Q

How is neural plate formed?

A

The neural folds move towards each other and meet in the midline, fusing

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23
Q

How is neural crest formed?

A

During fusion of the neural folds, some cells within the folds migrate to form a distinct cell population

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24
Q

What do neural crest give rise to?

A

diverse cell lineage – including melanocytes, craniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth muscle, peripheral and enteric neurons and glia

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25
What is neurulation?
The formation of neural tube
26
where does the neural epithelial cells dividie initially?
Ventricular surface
27
What is the three primary brain vesicles divided into?
1. Prosencephalon 2. Mesencephalon 3. Rhombencephalon
28
What does the forebrain give rise to?
1. Telencephalon | 2. Diencephalon
29
What is mesencephalon?
midbrain
30
What does Rhombencephalon give rise to?
1. Metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) | 2. Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
31
How does the development of the nervous system proceed?
in rostro-caudal specification of different areas
32
What is the development of nervous system controlled by?
very limited number of secretory factors e.g. FGF, retinoic acid, sonic hedgehog
33
How do you specify the different regions
- There is a gradient – activate downstream signalling according to the concentration of growth factor present, the receptors, to the transcription factor present within the cell
34
What is responsible for induction of ventral fates ?
Sonic hedgehog secreted by the notochord
35
how does diverse function of the CNS arise?
regionally distinct division of the neural tube
36
What is the 4 major steps in the establishment of subdivisions?
1. Generation of progenitor cells in the neural plate and tube 2. Generation of regional differences within the NT that correspond to major subdivisions of the CNS 3. Specification of distinct neuronal subtypes 4. - The influence of neuronal inputs
37
How do progenitors differentiate into neurons and glial cells?
1. proliferating 2. undergo symmetric cell divisions 3. produce neuroepithelial stem cells
38
Differentiation of neural precursors?
Asymmetric cell division
39
What is the generation of neurons and glial cells regulated by?
1. Delta-notch signalling | 2. Basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors
40
What is first generated from ectoderm forming the neural plate?
Neuroepithelial cells
41
What do neuroepithelial cells and undergo?
1. neural stem cells | 2. undergo a symmetric cell division to produce more neural stem cell
42
What happens after neural tube is formed from the neural plate?
Neuroepithelial cells become radial glia by acquiring some glial features
43
What is Notch known to inhibit and maintain?
1. inhibit = neuronal differentiation | 2. maintain = neural stem cells
44
What are the 3 main stages of development of mammalian cerebral cortex?
1. A pre-plate 2. A cortical plate 3. The mature pattern of layers
45
How do neurons achieve their final position within the cortex?
Migrating along radial glial fibers
46
What are neurons within the cortical plate?
organised into well-defined layers
47
What do the cortex layers have?
different connectivity’s, they are responsible for transmitting different information
48
What is the inside out layers?
the earliest born neurons will populate deep layers of the cortex, the later born ones migrate past them and populate the upper layers of the cortex
49
When is most neurogenesis complete?
before birth it is embryonic
50
What happens at embryonic day 10-11, half way through gestation?
There is a huge expansion of neuroepithelial stem cells in the cortex
51
What is the neuro epithelial cortex?
single cell layer pseudo-stratified epithelium
52
What gives cortex an appearance of being multi-layered?
During the cell cycle, the cell body of the neuroepithelial cells migrate up and down
53
When does neurogenesis in the cortex in neuron cortex start?
embryonic day 13 and proceeds at about day 17 which is near birth
54
What is the ventricular zone?
a degree is a stem cell niche – when the cells lose their contact with the stem cell niche, they begin to commit to differentiating and becoming post-mitotic neurons
55
What does the intermediate progenitor undergo?
divisions and will form the sub-ventricular zone – another proliferative layer
56
What does different transcription factors specify?
neurons present in different layers
57
What do Radial glial cells serve?
neural progenitors and structurral scaffold
58
What is only expressed when radial glial become neurons?
RNA-binding protein called HU
59
How do you study the behaviour of neural stem cells?
plating them in culture, isolate the cortices at different stages of embryonic development – dissociate them and plate the cells
60
When does neurogenesis really begin?
Embyronic day 13
61
What is Oligodendrocytes marked by?
Expression of O4+
62
What are all cells of CNS generated from?
Neural stem cell (NSCs) | The tissue stem cells which give rise to all neural lineage cells
63
What are NSC specified in?
1. Space | 2. Time
64
What do NSC depend on?
selective activation or silencing of lineage-specific genes by lineage-specific transcription factors (bHLH)
65
What does Transcription factors ensure?
Appropriate chromatin remodellers are recruited to specific gene regulatory elements
66
What are neurotrophins?
secreted growth factors which are absolutely essential for the survival of neurons
67
What is P75?
1. P75 neurotrophin receptor (low affinity receptor) | 2. doesn’t have any enzymatic activity but share homology with the TNF
68
What is TRK receptors?
tryosine kinases initiate cascade of events
69
What shows a clear preference for the different neurotrophin?
• TrkA, TrkB, TrkC
70
What does TrkA bind to?
preferentially to NGF with high affinity
71
What does TrkB bind to?
BDNF and NT4/5 and TrkC is receptor for NT-3
72
Where was SC1 cloned from?
schwann cell library and it binds to the cytosolic domain of the P75
73
What are proteins that contain subdomains?
1. Histones 2. Lysines 3. Methyltransferases
74
What are PRDM proteins involved in?
Epigenetic control of gene expression during development
75
What does TUJ1 express?
post mitotic neurons
76
What is controlled by levels of PRDM4?
The timing of the differentiation
77
What can protein Arginine Methyltransferases (PRMTs) promote?
non-methylation of arginine on nitrogen atom
78
What does type 1 and type 2 of PRMTs mediate?
1. Type 1 =mediate asymmetric di-methylation nitrogen | 2. Type 2 =mediate symmetric di-methylation
79
What are the two enzymes that mediate this reaction?
1. PRMT5 | 2. PRMT9
80
What is positive for neural stem cell?
Nestin
81
Where do you delete SC1?
dorsal cortical precursors
82
Where is FMRP implicated in?
Fragile X syndrome
83
What do Hu proteins do?
Trigger development of autoimmune neurological diseases
84
Where is FUS implicated in?
FTD/ALS
85
Where is SMN implicated in?
in spinal muscular atrophy
86
What are the major challenges in regeneration within CNS?
1. neurons are post-mitotic 2. A huge variety of neurons within the brain 3. Connectivity which is essential for proper neuronal function
87
What are a huge variety of neurons within the brain?
- They are functionally different
88
What displays discrete brain regions?
Organisation of the cerebral organoids

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