week 9 part 2

Question 1

What happened in the mid of 1800’s?

Answer 1

Important time for the development of cognitive, behavioral neuroscience

Question 2

What were scientists and medics trying to undersyand?

Answer 2

How is emotion regulated (James + Large or Cannon + Bard)

Question 3

What is theory of emotion proposed by Cannon-Bard?

Answer 3

The experience of emotion occurs alongside our experience of the arousal

Question 4

What is the theory of James-Lange?

Answer 4

Emotion is the result of arousal, arousal and the emotion are not independent, but rather that the emotion depends on the arousal

Question 5

What are inter-linked?

Answer 5

The history of limbic system and fear

Question 6

What were neuroanatomist trying to identify?

Answer 6

Location of behaviour in the brain

Question 7

William James and Carl Lange (1880’s)

Answer 7

Developed a theory saying that

1. Autonomic responses are reflexes that occur quickly
2. Emotional experience reflect autonomic reactivity
3. This theory of emotion did not explain emotions extend beyond the time of excitation of autonomic system

Question 8

What did Cannon and Bard argue ?

Answer 8

Emotion was not only produced by autonomic sensation

Central system for emotions in the brain was required

Question 9

What did Cannon and Bard’s studies suggest?

Answer 9

Hypothalamus and thalamus as a mediators or emotion

These structures could regulate autonomic responses, as well as cognitive side of emotion

Question 10

What did Cannon and Bard suggest?

Answer 10

1. Exposed to experience
2. Integrate with a cognitive attribute
3. Respond - happens in the hypothalamus and thalamus

Question 11

What did Paul Broca define and propose?

Answer 11

Defined the limbic lobe

1878: proposed a ring of gray matter on the medial aspect of cerebral hemisphere

he proposed this is where emotions are processd

Question 12

What did James Papez define?

Answer 12

A limbic system that explains relationship between emotion and memory (Papez circuit)

Question 13

What does Papez circuit include?

Answer 13

1. Cortex
2. Parahippocampal gyrus
3. Hippocampus

Question 14

What didn’t the Papez circuitry include?

Answer 14

Amygdala

Question 15

What did James Papez create?

Answer 15

Modern conception of the limbic system

Question 16

Where is Papez circuit located?

Answer 16

Ring structure in the border

Between cerebral hemisphere and brainstem

On both side of the thalamus
beneath the cerebrum

Question 17

What is the limbic system?

Answer 17

A network of cortical and subcortical nuclei interconnected by cortico-cortical pathways

Question 18

What is the main function of limbic system?

Answer 18

The limbic system regulates emotion
modulates motivation
learning and memory

Question 19

What is the limbic system considered to be ?

Answer 19

Regulator of the emotional brain

Question 20

Limbic system

Answer 20

Emotional and motivational aspect of behaviour
provides emotional component to learning associated with memory
especially the hippocampus
Associated with pain/pleasure, anger

Question 21

What is no longer considered part of the limbic system?

Answer 21

1. Hippocampus

2. Mamillary bodies

Question 22

What does modern limbic system include?

Answer 22

1. orbital and medial prefrontal cortex

2. amygdala

Question 23

What are important in the experience of emotion?

Answer 23

1. orbital and medial prefrontal cortex
2. Amygdala
3. Thalamus
4. Hypothalamus
5. Ventral tegmentum

Question 24

What are the key regulators which integrate information in limbic system?

Answer 24

Amygdala

Question 25

What is integrated in the limbic system?

Answer 25

1. Decision making 2. Emotional cognition 3. Emotional memory 4. Fear

Question 26

What are the components of Limbic system?

Answer 26

1. Amygdaloid body (amygdala) 2. Hypothalamus 3. Cingulate gyrus 4. Parahippocampal gyrus 5. Anterior nucleus of thalamus 6. Prefrontal cortex

Question 27

What is recognised as a key coordinator of fear processing ?

Answer 27

Amygdala

Question 28

What does amygdala link?

Answer 28

Cortical processing (PFC) to the hypothalamus and other subcortical brain structures important for emotional behaviour

Question 29

Amygdala

Answer 29

Relate environmental stimuli to coordinated behavioural autonomic and endocrine responses seen in species-SELF preservation

Question 30

What are the functions of amygdala?

Answer 30

1. Fight/flight behaviour 2. Feeding and drinking 3. Mating and maternal care 4. Responses to physical or emotional stressors

Question 31

What are 3 types of evidence supporting the role of amygdala in emotional responses?

Answer 31

1. Lesions in monkeys amygdala impair normal emotional behaviour 2. FMRI studies shows activation of amygdala responds to emotional changes in humans 3. Classical fear conditioning is prevented by lesions of lateral nucleus of amygdala in mouse

Question 32

What did Heinrich Kluver and Paul Bucy do?

Answer 32

Removed the temporal lobes, including the amygdala and hippocampus, bilaterally in humans They observed a dramatic change in emotional behaviour

Question 33

What were examples of dramatic change in emotional behaviour?

Answer 33

1. Monkeys became tame, fearless and had ''blunted'' emotions 2. Increased oral activity, including placing inedible objects in their mouth 3. Exhibited increased sexual behaviour, mounting inappropriate objects

Question 34

What does damage to lateral nucleus of amygdala prevent?

Answer 34

Acquisition and expression of fear responses to auditory stimulus

Question 35

What does neural responses to sound and shock converge on?

Answer 35

Same single neuron in lateral nucleus of amygdala

Question 36

What is response to sound enhanced by?

Answer 36

Conditioning in which the sound is paired with shock