Week 7- Managing and Monitoring Infertility In Prod animals I

Question 2

What stimulates FSH & LH release from the anterior pituitary?

Answer 2

GnRH

Question 3

What hormones act on the ovary to regulate follicle development and ovulation?

Answer 3

FSH & LH

Question 4

Which hormones regulate the reproductive cycle and behavior?

Answer 4

Oestrogen & Progesterone

Question 5

What hormone causes luteolysis (CL regression)?

Answer 5

Prostaglandin (PGF2α)

Question 6

What occurs on Day 0 of the oestrus cycle?

Answer 6

Ovulation and onset of heat

Question 7

What is the follicular phase characterized by?

Answer 7

Follicular wave and selection of dominant follicle

Question 8

What is the luteal phase characterized by?

Answer 8

CL formation and progesterone dominance

Question 9

What does PGF2α from the endometrium cause around Day 16 if no pregnancy occurs?

Answer 9

Luteolysis

Question 10

What are stress effects on the HPO & HPA axes?

Answer 10

Increased cortisol

Question 11

What does cortisol inhibit in the context of ovarian activity?

Answer 11

GnRH, LH/FSH secretion

Question 12

What is the consequence of negative energy balance (NEB) postpartum?

Answer 12

Poor follicular development

Question 13

What is anoestrus?

Answer 13

Cow not cycling; no heat observed

Question 14

What are the rectal examination findings in a cow with anoestrus?

Answer 14

Flaccid uterus, small inactive ovaries

Question 15

What causes anoestrus?

Answer 15

No LH surge, high NEB, stress

Question 16

What constitutes cystic ovarian disease?

Answer 16

2.5 cm follicle persists >10 days

Question 17

What symptoms indicate cystic ovarian disease?

Answer 17

Nymphomania or no visible heat

Question 18

What is the treatment for cystic ovarian disease?

Answer 18

Hormonal therapy, correct underlying cause

Question 19

What is undetectable oestrus?

Answer 19

Cow cycles but no heats seen

Question 20

What causes undetectable oestrus?

Answer 20

Low P4 levels, poor heat detection

Question 21

What characterizes a repeat breeder cow?

Answer 21

Healthy cow fails to conceive after ≥3 services

Question 22

What are possible causes of repeat breeder cows?

Answer 22

Subclinical endometritis, maternal recognition failure

Question 23

What is endometritis?

Answer 23

Inflammation of the endometrium

Question 24

What are the symptoms of endometritis?

Answer 24

Vaginal discharge (white/pus, no smell)

Question 25

What causes endometritis?

Answer 25

Gram-positive anaerobes (e.g., T. pyogenes)

Question 26

How is endometritis diagnosed?

Answer 26

Vaginal scoring system (0-3)

Question 27

What is the treatment for endometritis?

Answer 27

Intrauterine antibiotics, PGF2α

Question 28

What is pyometra?

Answer 28

Accumulation of pus in uterus due to persistent CL and closed cervix

Question 29

What are the symptoms of pyometra?

Answer 29

No external discharge; large uterus on rectal palpation

Question 30

What is the treatment for pyometra?

Answer 30

PGF2α, possibly intrauterine antibiotics after cervical opening

Question 31

What are the goals of synchronization protocols?

Answer 31

Induce luteolysis, start new follicular wave, induce ovulation, provide progesterone support

Question 32

What does the PGF2α protocol do?

Answer 32

Causes luteolysis

Question 33

How many days post-injection does a cow typically come into heat after PGF2α?

Answer 33

2-5 days

Question 34

What is the Ovsynch protocol sequence?

Answer 34

Day 0: GnRH → Day 7: PGF2α → Day 9: GnRH → Day 10: Timed AI

Question 35

What is the P4-Synch protocol sequence?

Answer 35

Day 0: CIDR insertion + GnRH → Day 7: CIDR removal + PGF2α → Day 9: GnRH → Day 10: Timed AI

Question 36

What is the voluntary waiting period (VWP) in cows?

Answer 36

~40-50 DIM

Question 37

What is the typical service period in cows?

Answer 37

~50-85 DIM

Question 38

What is the conception goal in cows by days in milk?

Answer 38

by ~85 DIM

Question 39

What is the average gestation period in cows?

Answer 39

~280 days

Question 40

What are the body condition score (BCS) targets for calving?

Answer 40

2.5–3.0

Question 41

What are the BCS targets for peak lactation?

Answer 41

2.0–2.5

Question 42

What are the BCS targets for the dry period?

Answer 42

2.5–3.0

Question 43

What is the impact of individual cow fertility on herd performance?

Answer 43

It impacts herd performance

Question 44

What are key herd KPIs?

Answer 44

* Calving index: Goal ~365 days * Submission rate: Proportion of cows detected in heat * Conception rate: Proportion of inseminated cows that conceive

Question 45

What are some costs associated with infertility in cows?

Answer 45

* Lower milk yield * Higher culling rate * Fewer calves * Increased veterinary costs and services

Question 46

What is essential for successful management of infertility in cows?

Answer 46

Understanding physiology, detecting issues early, using appropriate diagnostics, tailoring treatments