Week 9- Reproduction Issues in the dog

Question 1

What is cryptorchidism

Answer 1

Failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum

Question 2

What are the common locations of retained testes in cryptorchid dogs

Answer 2

Caudal to kidney along the path of descent through inguinal ring or subcutaneous tissue

Question 3

Name three dog breeds predisposed to cryptorchidism

Answer 3

Chihuahua German Shepherd Boxer

Question 4

What is the most common diagnostic tool used to confirm cryptorchidism

Answer 4

Ultrasound

Question 5

Name two hormonal tests used to diagnose cryptorchidism

Answer 5

AMH assay and hCG stimulation test

Question 6

What are three complications of retained testes

Answer 6

Torsion Neoplasia Reduced fertility

Question 7

Which testicular tumour is most hormonally active

Answer 7

Sertoli cell tumour

Question 8

What are the clinical signs of a Sertoli cell tumour

Answer 8

Feminisation alopecia mammary enlargement penile atrophy and anaemia

Question 9

Which testicular tumour arises from spermatogenic cells

Answer 9

Seminoma

Question 10

Which testicular tumour is usually benign and may produce testosterone

Answer 10

Leydig cell tumour

Question 11

What is a common bacterial cause of orchitis in dogs

Answer 11

Brucella canis

Question 12

List three routes of infection that can lead to orchitis

Answer 12

Haematogenous spread direct trauma retrograde infection from urine or prostatic fluid

Question 13

What are common clinical signs of orchitis

Answer 13

Scrotal swelling pyrexia stiff gait and pain

Question 14

What is the recommended treatment for orchitis

Answer 14

Castration NSAIDs and antibiotics

Question 15

What is the pathophysiology of spermatic cord torsion

Answer 15

Twisting of the spermatic cord leading to ischaemia and testicular necrosis

Question 16

What are signs of testicular torsion

Answer 16

Acute abdominal pain nausea vomiting or swollen testicle

Question 17

What is the treatment for testicular torsion

Answer 17

Surgical castration

Question 18

What is the second most common tumour type in entire dogs

Answer 18

Testicular neoplasia

Question 19

What is a differential diagnosis for scrotal swelling

Answer 19

Orchitis hernia torsion neoplasia or trauma

Question 20

What is the risk of Sertoli cell tumours in retained testes

Answer 20

Significantly increased compared to normally descended testes

Question 21

What is a scrotal hernia

Answer 21

Herniation of abdominal contents through the inguinal canal into the scrotal sac

Question 22

Which species are scrotal hernias more common in

Answer 22

Dogs

Question 23

What are the most common scrotal neoplasms

Answer 23

Mast cell tumour and squamous cell carcinoma

Question 24

What is balanoposthitis

Answer 24

Inflammation of the penis and prepuce

Question 25

What is the typical sign of balanoposthitis in adult dogs

Answer 25

Purulent or haemorrhagic discharge from the prepuce

Question 26

What is paraphimosis

Answer 26

Inability to retract the penis into the prepuce

Question 27

What is the treatment for paraphimosis

Answer 27

Lubrication sedation cooling or surgical correction if recurrent

Question 28

What is phimosis

Answer 28

Inability to extrude the penis from the prepuce

Question 29

What is the treatment for phimosis

Answer 29

Surgical enlargement of the preputial orifice

Question 30

What is priapism

Answer 30

Persistent erection not related to sexual excitement

Question 31

What breed types are predisposed to urethral prolapse

Answer 31

Brachycephalic breeds and Yorkshire Terriers

Question 32

What are the signs of urethral prolapse

Answer 32

Bleeding from the penis and visible prolapsed tissue

Question 33

What is the treatment for urethral prolapse

Answer 33

Surgical amputation of prolapsed tissue and castration

Question 34

What is the most common appearance of transmissible venereal tumour

Answer 34

Cauliflower like nodules often ulcerated on the penis or vulva

Question 35

How is TVT transmitted

Answer 35

By physical transfer of tumour cells during mating

Question 36

What is the standard treatment for TVT

Answer 36

Vincristine chemotherapy once weekly

Question 37

Can TVT metastasise

Answer 37

Yes but it is uncommon

Question 38

Name four types of penile tumours

Answer 38

Mast cell tumour squamous cell carcinoma lymphoma fibroma

Question 39

What are signs of penile neoplasia

Answer 39

Mass preputial swelling discharge haematuria or paraphimosis

Question 40

What is a common tumour of the os penis

Answer 40

Osteosarcoma

Question 41

What is the most common prostatic condition in intact male dogs

Answer 41

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 42

At what age is BPH most common

Answer 42

Around six years of age

Question 43

What are clinical signs of BPH

Answer 43

Stranguria flat stools tenesmus and haematuria

Question 44

What are treatment options for BPH

Answer 44

Castration or hormonal therapy

Question 45

Which bacterium most commonly causes prostatitis

Answer 45

E coli

Question 46

What is the hallmark sign of prostatic carcinoma

Answer 46

Mineralised prostate mass in a castrated dog

Question 47

Which condition may cause hindlimb paresis due to spinal metastasis

Answer 47

Prostatic carcinoma

Question 48

What is a perineal hernia

Answer 48

Herniation through weakened pelvic diaphragm leading to swelling near the anus

Question 49

What are the causes of infertility in male dogs

Answer 49

Wrong time of mating systemic disease reproductive tract issues or congenital abnormalities

Question 50

What does semen analysis evaluate

Answer 50

Volume motility morphology and presence of inflammatory cells