Week 6- Neurology in Production Animals

Question 1

What is the aetiology of Listeria Meningoencephalitis?

Answer 1

Oral mucosa -> Cranial nerve V to brainstem -> meningoencephalitis and microabscessation ( 2 week lag betwee exposure and onset)

Question 2

What are the risk factors and epidemiology of Listeria Meningoencephalitis?

Answer 2

• Spoilt silage
• sporadic, small outbreaks
• uveitis and abortion

Question 3

What are the clinical signs of Listeria Meningoencephalitis?

Answer 3

• Cranial nerve deficits
• Depression
• Circling
• Pyrexia
• Cereballar signs

Question 4

How might you disgnose listeria meningoencephalitis?

Answer 4

• Clinical signs
• Increased Protein in CSF

Question 5

How might you treat Listeria Meningoencephalitis?

Answer 5

• High dose of procaine Penicillin
• Food, Water
• Loss of Saliva
• Transfaunation to promote rumen function + Recovery
• Dexamaethasone
• NSAIDS

Question 6

What are the Clinical Signs of BSE?

Answer 6

• Behavioural changes
• Nervous signs
• Hind limb motor deficits
• all variable severity

Question 7

How is scrapie transmissed in sheep?

Answer 7

• Colostrum andMilk
• Contaiminated buildings, bedding, equipment etc

Question 8

What are the main signs of scrapie?

Answer 8

• Nerve cell damage
• Pruritus
• Locomotor incoordination
• Recumbancy + Death

Question 9

What are the clinical signs of a suprascapular nerve issue?

Answer 9

• Struggling into head yoke
• Dropped elbow
• Limb reflexes still in-tact

Question 10

What are the clinical signs of a brachial plexus nerve issue?

Answer 10

• Cant weight bear
• Deep pain reflex

Question 11

What are the clinical signs of a radial nerve issue?

Answer 11

• Normal elbow position
• Cant extend or advance lower limb
• Loss of sensation to lateral + dorsal limb

Question 12

What are the clinical signs of a peroneal nerve issue

Answer 12

• Overextended hock, knucled fetlock, decreased sensation

Question 13

What are the clinical signs of a tibial nerve problem?

Answer 13

• paralysis of the extensors of the hocks
• overflexed hock
• decreased sensation on palmar metatarsal and fetlock

Question 14

What are the clinical signs of a sciatic nerve issue?

Answer 14

dropped hock and knucked fetlocks

Question 15

What are the clinical signs of an obturator nerve issue?

Answer 15

• Occurs at calving- large calves, prolonged labour
• decreased ability to abduct legs

Question 16

What are the clinical signs of a femoral nerve issue?

Answer 16

• occurs to the calf during anterior delivery
• cant extend the limb or weight bear
• no sensation to medial limb

Question 17

What are the clinical signs of Lead intoxication?

Answer 17

• acute encephalopathy
• sudden onset behvaioural changes
• abdominal pain and bloat

Question 18

What are the clinical signs of urea intoxication?

Answer 18

• used as a non-protein N source in feed supplements
• ear and facial muscle twitching, bloating, abdominal pain + staggering, high rumen pH

Question 19

What is the aetiology of cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN) ?

Answer 19

• Thiamine deficiency
• Normally formed by rumen flora in sufficient quantities

Question 20

What are the risk factors of CCN?

Answer 20

• 2-7 months old
• Intensive feeding system s
• Usually housed but can occur at pasture

Question 21

What are the clinical findings of CCN?

Answer 21

• Depression
• Bilateral central blindness
• Aimless wandering
• Terminal collapse

Question 22

How might you diagnose CCN?

Answer 22

• History and clinical signs
• Response to treatment with thiamine
• PME

Question 23

What are the risk factors of strep suis type I?

Answer 23

• 10-14 day old piglets
• Tonsillar carriage in carrier sows
• Infection via piglet tonsillar crypts

Question 24

What are the clinical signs of strep suis type I?

Answer 24

• dullness, pyrexia
• convulsions, opisthotonus, lateral nystagmus
• Joint involvement

Question 25

How might you treat strep suis type I?

Answer 25

* systemic antibiotics * NSAIDS/ steroids * Rehydration

Question 26

What are the risk factors of strep suis type II?

Answer 26

* common and important * Zoonotic * 3-7 days post-stressor * Weaners/ finishers

Question 27

What is the aetiology of a brain abscess?

Answer 27

* Dehorning sinusitis * Haematogenous spread * gram positve anaerobes

Question 28

What are the clinical signs of a brain abscess?

Answer 28

* Gradual onset * cranial nerve deficits * head-pressing Depression

Question 29

How would you treat a brain abscess?

Answer 29

* systemic antibiotics * NSAIDS * euthanasia

Question 30

What is the aetiology of middle ear disease?

Answer 30

* ascending infection from the resp tract * progression from otitis externa

Question 31

What are the risk factors for middle ear disease?

Answer 31

* sporadic incidence * calves 3-5 weeks old * pneumonia

Question 32

What are the clinical signs of middle ear disease?

Answer 32

* head tilt towards affected side * no cranial nerve deficitis * no vestibular disease

Question 33

How might you treat middle ear disease?

Answer 33

* macrolides * NSAIDS

Question 34

What is the aetiology of coenurosis?

Answer 34

larval stage of taenia multiceps

Question 35

What are the clinical signs of coenurosis?

Answer 35

* Chronic progressive disease * Circling * Central blindness * Head deviation

Question 36

What two calf diseases are present from birth?

Answer 36

* BVD * Schmallenberg

Question 37

What is the treatment for cerebral anoxia?

Answer 37

IV fluids spiked with bicarbonate to correct metabolic acidosis * Colostrum by stomach tube * Nursing

Question 38

What is the aetiology for coliform meningitis?

Answer 38

Most commonly E coli (G -, facultative anaerobe) » Ascending infection » Sequel to neonatal septicaemia +/- navel / joint ill

Question 39

What are the risk factors for coliform meningitis?

Answer 39

Mean age 6 days » Inadequate colostral intake » Poor environmental hygiene » Ineffective umbilical management

Question 40

What are the clinical signs of coliform meningitis?

Answer 40

Tachycardia + ↑ CRT + hypothermia → shock » Congested MM → septicaemia » Central blindness + nystagmus → cerebral cortex

Question 41

What is the treatment for coliform meningitis?

Answer 41

Systemic antibiotics » IVFT » NSAIDs once urine output restored » Supportive therapy + nursing » IV glucose » Heat lamp

Question 42

What are the risk factors for hypoglycaemia?

Answer 42

Neonates (especially lambs) » Inadequate colostrum intake » Inadequate feeding » Hypothermia » Other systemic disease (especially scour and septicaemia)

Question 43

What are the clinical signs for hypoglycaemia?

Answer 43

Depression » Weakness » Ataxia » Seizures, coma, death

Question 44

What is the treatment for hypoglycaemia?

Answer 44

IV or IP glucose » Active warming » Oral milk for lambs » Address risk factors

Question 45

What is the aetiology for swayback?

Answer 45

Low copper status - dam or growing lamb * Geographical link with soil types and fertiliser use

Question 46

What are the clinical signs of swayback?

Answer 46

Congenital form * Small, weak lambs * Unable to rise/ abnormal stance * Fine head tremors * Poor coordination » Delayed form * Normal at birth * Progressive weakness of hindlimbs with reduced muscle tone and reflexes Delayed form * Normal at birth * Progressive weakness of hindlimbs with reduced muscle tone and reflexes

Question 47

How would you diagnose swayback?

Answer 47

* Clinical signs * Confirm by brainstem histology * Serum or liver copper levels

Question 48

How would you treat swayback?

Answer 48

Euthanasia * Prevent by appropriate and careful copper supplements